Section 3 Segregation and Discrimination Chapter 8 Section 3 Segregation and Discrimination

African-Americans Fight Legal Discrimination How were the Southern states able to weaken African-American political power? Voting restrictions Jim Crow Laws Plessy v. Ferguson

Voting Restrictions Literacy requirements Asked difficult questions Officials could choose who passed or failed Poll tax- annual tax before qualifying to vote Grandfather clause- too poor? Can’t read? You can vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been able to vote before Jan. 1, 1867

Jim Crow Laws Southern states pass racial segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities Also known as Jim Crow laws Intermarriage: All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. Florida Cohabitation: Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Florida

Plessy v. Ferguson In 1896 the Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate 14th Amendment Plessy took a seat in the “Whites Only” section of a train and refused to move. He claimed he was denied equal protection under the law This case established the doctrine of “separate but equal” Why does this decision matter? It allowed city and state governments to continue to limit African-Americans’ access to public facilities How and when was the Plessy case overturned? The NAACP continued to challenge segregation laws in court. In 1954 Brown v. the Board of Education overturned Plessy and declared “separate but equal” was unconstitutional in public education

Turn of the Century Race Relations Violence – lynching , shootings, burnings without trial for violating racial etiquette Discrimination in the North Blacks migrate North for jobs and social equality However, African- Americans were forced to live in segregated neighborhoods, left out of unions, hired last/fired first

How did some African- American leaders fight discrimination? Ida Wells – fought lynching Homer Plessy- takes his case to the Supreme Court Booker T. Washington – vocational education, gradually earn trust and respect, keep apart socially W.E.B. DuBois – immediate political, economic, social equality, founder of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Discrimination in the West Mexican Workers – helped to build railroads, mining, agriculture, often forced into ...... Debt peonage – a system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer Excluding the Chinese – whites fear job competition Segregated schools and neighborhoods