Latin American independence Enduring Understandings The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution. Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force. Questions What new ideas moved to the Latin American colonies that helped to fuel their revolutions for independence? How did nationalism play a role in supporting independence movements. Warm-up - map of South America Quiz Agenda Review of Napoleon’s legacy and the end of the Napoleonic Era Finish Snapshot about French Revolution and the rise and fall of Napoleon Complete p 21 about Latin American independence Answer – describe three similarities between the revolutions in South America, Haiti and Mexico Answer the above 2 Questions Latin American independence

V. Legacy of Napoleon Values of the _________ ________were spread throughout Europe – equality, ______, justice, the _____ of man. French Government Centralized with _________ ______ _____ (Napoleonic codes) applicable to all citizens – right to own ______ – spreads _______ middle class property owners to all of Europe Limited Suffrage ______ _______ spreads to other European Nations Sold _______ Territory to U.S. Congress of ______ and balance of European ______ – led to peace in Europe.

V. Legacy of Napoleon Values of the French Revolution were spread throughout Europe – equality, liberty, justice, the rights of man. French Government Centralized with Constitution Civil Code (Napoleonic codes) applicable to all citizens – right to own property – spreads bourgeois middle class property owners to all of Europe Limited Suffrage Elections Nationalism spreads to other European Nations Sold Louisiana Territory to U.S. Congress of Vienna and balance of European Power – led to peace in Europe.

Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna Membership: Austria Prussia France Great Britain Goals: Establish lasting peace in Europe (based on theory of balance of power) Prevent future French aggression Restore monarchs Congress of Vienna Actions Taken: Creation of some new powers Kingdom of Netherlands adding to Kingdom of Sardinia German Confederation Independent Switzerland Took land from France to return to pre-1792 borders Developed Concert of Europe and Holy Alliance Legacy Short-term conservatives returned to power Revolts in many colonies like Brazil and Mexico Long-term 40 years of European peace France slightly weakened and Britain and Germany strengthened to balance France Rise of nationalism Implemented balance of power concept Congress of Vienna

Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – Haiti – Slave Rebellion - 1791-1804 Reasons slaves revolted Whites, a small minority, used brutal methods African slaves were politically powerless African slaves were terrorized African slaves far outnumbered whites. Enlightened ideas of liberty and equality Strategies employed to gain independence African priest Boukman inspired slaves to revolt Toussaint L’Ouverture became a very successful military and diplomatic leader by finding enemy’s weaknesses Dessalines became the next leader of revolution promoting Haitian nationalism

Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – Mexico – 1810-1821 Importance of grito de Dolores Padre Miguel Hidalgo used this as a call for peasants to rise up against Spain – lost, though Morelos also lost, but furthered the idea of Mexican independence basing it on the popular support for Mexicans governing Mexico (popular sovereignty) How did each racial group play a role in independence? Indios and Mestizos fought for the revolution – they were the down- trodden underclasses Creoles later joined independence to maintain their social and economic positions as the wealthy landowners.

Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – South America – 1814-1824 Reasons Americans revolted Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, and popular sovereignty Opposed being ruled by Napoleon’s brother, who was made the illegitimate King of Spain - 1808 Class conflict between peninsulares and creoles When Spanish King returned after defeat of Napoleon in 1814, rebels, mainly Creoles, fought to become independent of Spain and Creoles also wanted to replace Peninsulares as the class with political power. Strategies employed by Bolivar and San Martin Surprise tactics by Bolivar San Martin – forced surprise march combined with alliance with O’Higgins Unity between Bolivar and San Martin Bolivar’s command of a large, very nationalistic motivated volunteer army.

Similarities Mexico South America Haiti