The Structure of Matter Matter – Anything that has mass and takes up space Mass – The amount of matter in an object

Molecule – The smallest particle of a substance (such as water) that can still be identified as that substance (Latin = little mass) Ex. – 60 million H2O – diameter of a penny

Ex. All water molecules are the same -Once a molecule is divided it is no longer that substance H2 Not water O Not water Ex. H2O

Physical & Chemical Properties of Matter Physical Properties – A characteristic of matter that can be observed by using any of your senses Ex. Hardness, density, melting pt. / boiling pt., State (solid, liquid, gas) Size, shape, color, odor, taste

Physical & Chemical Properties of Matter Chemical Properties – A description of how one kind of matter behaves in the presence of another kind of matter. Ex. Vinegar & baking soda - When vinegar is added to baking soda, CO2 is produced

State Definite Shape Definite Volume Solid Liquid Gas States of Matter State Definite Shape Definite Volume Solid Liquid Gas Yes Yes No Yes No No Solid Liquid Gas http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/index.html

http://www.juliethompson.com/science.html

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Plasma Plasma- State of matter where gas molecules have separated into electrically charged particles Ex. STARS (fusion)

Physical & Chemical Changes Physical Change- a change in which the form or appearance of matter changes but not its composition Ex. Shape – crumpled paper Dissolving – Koolaid Change in State

Physical Changes Solid Liquid Gas Freezing Melting Condensation Vaporization Solid Liquid Gas Deposition Sublimation - Only the MOTION of the molecules has changed!

Chemical Changes Chemical Change – a change in which the composition of a substance changes Ex. Fireworks, Rust - causes a new substance to form.

Signs of Chemical Changes - Color Changes Ex. Trees, apples, toast Released – fire – heat, light Gained – cooking/cake - Energy

Signs of Chemical Changes - Odor Ex. Rotten food - Bubbles formed Ex. Vinegar + Baking soda Antacid

Signs of Chemical Changes - Solid formed - Precipitate Ex. Sodium iodide = lead nitrate - Not easily reversed Ex. Ice melting vs. Wood burning Chemical Physical VS. HARD EASY http://discover.edventures.com/functions/termlib.php?action=&alpha=A

Anton Lavoisier – 18th Century The LAW of Conservation of Mass- - States that mass is neither created nor destroyed (and as a result, the mass of the substance before a physical or chemical change is equal to the mass of the substances present after the change) Ex. Apple cut up, candle burning

The Kinetic Theory of Matter- Gases The Kinetic Theory of Matter- - The scientific principal that says that all matter is made of particles whose MOTION determines if the matter is solid, liquid, or gas

-Each of the 3 states of matter is called a phase State Definite Shape Definite Volume Solid Liquid Gas Yes Yes No Yes No No

- explained by the Kinetic theory of matter 4 Properties of Gases - explained by the Kinetic theory of matter 1. Gas molecules move VERY FAST -A gas is mostly empty space (large distance between gas molecules) -Particles collide MANY times per second (particles are NOT affected by collisions) - No definite shape, they expand to fill all available space

2.Moving gas molecules cause pressure Pressure- The amount of force applied to a unit of area (All that moving and colliding into things causes a force to be applied) Ex. Balloon

3.Gases have NO definite volume -can be crowded together -This the pressure (more collisions) -can be allowed to expand -This the pressure (fewer collisions)

4.The temperature of a gas measures how fast molecules move Heat = in particle movement (particles tend to move further apart) - volume or the pressure Ex. Bicycle tire on a hot day - Heat = in particle movement

The Temperature at which particles of matter stop moving Absolute Zero - The Temperature at which particles of matter stop moving -273 oC No Kinetic Energy at absolute zero Kelvin (K) Temperature scale - A temperature scale on which zero is equal to absolute zero

GAS LAWS! Boyle’s Law Pressure = Volume No Temperature change

V1 . P1 = V2 . P2 Ex. The air in a balloon occupies a space of 1000mL and has a pressure of 5 N/cm2. When Gary grabs the balloon the pressure increases to 10 N/cm2. What is the new volume of the balloon? V1= V2= P2= P2=

V1= 1000mL V2= ? mL P1= 5 N/cm2 P2=10N/cm2 1000 . 5 = V2 . 10 V1 . P1 = V2 . P2 5000 = V2 . 10 5000 = V2 . 10 10 = 10 500 = V2 V2 = 500 mL

GAS LAWS! Charle’s Law Temperature = Volume Temperature= Volume V1 . T2 = V2 . T1 http://www.delta.edu/slime/cancrush.html

Charle’s Law V1 . T2 = V2 . T1 V1= V2= T2= T1= 30mL ? mL 10oC 30oC

Charle’s Law V1 . T2 = V2 . T1 30 . 30 = V2 . 10 900 = V2 . 10 10 10 30oC 10oC ? mL 30mL V1 . T2 = V2 . T1 V1= V2= T2= T1= 30mL ? mL 30oC 10oC 30 . 30 = V2 . 10 900 = V2 . 10 10 10 V2 = 90mL 90 = V2

Solids- A piece of solid matter cannot change shape by itself Solids & Liquids Solids- A piece of solid matter cannot change shape by itself (the molecules stay in a fixed patteren) Ex. crystal

-Almost all solids are made of crystals Crystal- A solid whose orderly arrangement of particles gives it a regular shape -Almost all solids are made of crystals - The shape (of the crystal) is determined by the way the particles are arranged Ex. salt (different crystals break in different ways)

-Almost all solids are made of crystals Super cooled liquids- Solids that have been cooled soooooo quickly that they have NO crystal pattern -Almost all solids are made of crystals Ex. Volcanic glass

-Can flow (change shape) Liquids- molecules (can move from one place to another) have NO fixed pattern. -Can flow (change shape) - when not moving it will have a level surface

-Heat is added (to a solid) Change to a Liquid -Heat is added (to a solid) - Motion / Temp - particles can’t stay in crystal pattern

Melting point- the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid Change to a Liquid Melting point- the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid - each crystalline solid has its own melting point Mercury = -39 oC Salt = 801 oC Sugar = 186 oC Water = 0 oC

Change to a Liquid Heat of fusion- the amount of heat required to change 1 gram of solid to a liquid (at the same temp no temp change) - the energy used to break the crystalline structure

- Changing from a Solid Gas Sublimation - Changing from a Solid Gas Ex. Dry ice

Change to a Gas - In most liquids (at ordinary Temps.) Some molecules have enough energy to (escape and) become a gas Ex. Water evaporation Heat = evaporation

Boiling point –The Temp (at ordinary pressure) at which the molecules of a liquid have enough energy to become a gas

Exact boiling point depends on: 1. Energy needed to make particles separate 2. Pressure of the air pressure = boiling point pressure = boiling point - Water (at normal pressure) will never be hotter than 100oC

The amount of heat required to change 1 gram of liquid to a gas Heat of Vaporization- The amount of heat required to change 1 gram of liquid to a gas (No temperature change) http://www.chem4kids.com/index.html