19 An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 QUIT 19 CHAPTER An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 Chapter Overview Time Line SECTION 1 Europeans Explore the East SECTION 2 China Rejects European Outreach SECTION 3 Japan Limits Western Contacts MAP GRAPH Visual Summary

19 An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 HOME 19 CHAPTER An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 Chapter Overview Seeking spices and converts, European nations lead successful voyages of exploration to the East. China and Japan both limit foreign contact after a brief period of acceptance.

19 An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 HOME Time Line 1400 CHAPTER An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 Time Line 1405 Zheng He takes first voyage. 1494 Spain and Portugal sign Treaty of Tordesillas. 1619 Dutch establish trade headquarters in Java. 1400 1800 1419 Prince Henry founds navigation school. 1603 Tokugawa shoguns rule Japan. 1793 Britain seeks trade opening with China.

Europeans Explore the East Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Europeans Explore the East Key Idea The desire for profit and the hope of spreading Christianity motivate European exploration, and new technology makes it possible. The Portuguese dominate exploration until other Europeans, especially the Dutch, establish their own trading empires. Overview Assessment

Europeans Explore the East Overview 1 • Bartolomeu Dias • Prince Henry HOME 1 Europeans Explore the East TERMS & NAMES Overview • Bartolomeu Dias • Prince Henry • Vasco da Gama • Treaty of Tordesillas • Dutch East India Company MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Driven by the desire for wealth and Christian converts, Europeans began an age of exploration. European exploration was an important step toward the global interaction that characterizes the world today. Assessment

Europeans Explore the East 1 1 HOME 1 Europeans Explore the East Section 1 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the establishment of Portugal’s trading empire in the Indian Ocean by supplying the significant event for each date shown below. 1419 1498 1487 1511 Prince Henry founds navigation school. Vasco da Gama reaches the Indian port of Calicut. Dias sails around the tip of Africa. The Portuguese gain control of the Strait of Malacca. continued . . .

Europeans Explore the East 1 1 HOME 1 Europeans Explore the East Section 1 Assessment 2. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas reveal about Europeans’ attitudes toward non-European lands and peoples? THINK ABOUT • the dispute between the Portuguese and Spanish • how the treaty settled the dispute ANSWER Possible Response: The treaty revealed that Europeans had a low view of non-Europeans and considered their land to be free for the taking. continued . . .

Europeans Explore the East 1 1 HOME 1 Europeans Explore the East Section 1 Assessment 3. In what ways did Europeans owe some of their sailing technology to other peoples of the world? THINK ABOUT • the astrolabe • the compass ANSWER The astrolabe had been perfected by the Muslims, while the magnetic compass was invented by the Chinese. Possible Response: End of Section 1

China Rejects European Outreach Key Idea 2 HOME 2 China Rejects European Outreach Key Idea After a series of successful voyages of exploration, China withdraws into isolation. Both the Ming and the Qing dynasties limit foreign trade and follow a policy of self-sufficiency. Overview Assessment

China Rejects European Outreach Overview 2 • Ming Dynasty • Hongwu HOME 2 China Rejects European Outreach TERMS & NAMES Overview • Ming Dynasty • Hongwu • Yonglo • Zheng He • Manchus • Qing Dynasty • Kangxi MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left China self-contained and uninterested in European contact. China’s independence from the West continues today, even as it forges new economic ties with the outside world. Assessment

Encouraged agriculture, Confucian standards, administrative reforms HOME 2 China Rejects European Outreach Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List several relevant facts about each emperor below. Emperor Relevant Facts Hongwu Yonglo Kangxi Qian-long Defeated Mongols Ruled 1368–1398 First Ming emperor Encouraged agriculture, Confucian standards, administrative reforms Became brutal 1398, assumed throne Moved capital to Beijing Built Forbidden City Sponsored first Zheng He voyage Increased number of tributaries Ruled 1661–1722 First Manchu emperor Defeated Mongols Lowered taxes Patronized arts Ruled 1736–1795 at China’s greatest size and prosperity Hard-working Dealt with border unrest and European missionaries and traders continued . . .

China Rejects European Outreach 2 2 HOME 2 China Rejects European Outreach Section 2 Assessment 2. When Qian-long expected Lord George Macartney to kowtow, what do you think Macartney should have done? Why? THINK ABOUT • cultural differences • effect on trading • the kowtow ritual • political correctness ANSWER Possible Responses: • kowtow to gain trade • bow to compromise • stand to show equality • refuse to see him to show disfavor End of Section 2

Japan Limits Western Contacts Key Idea 3 HOME 3 Japan Limits Western Contacts MAP GRAPH Key Idea After a period of severe disorder, the Tokugawa Shogunate unifies Japan. In the two centuries of peace and prosperity that follow, the Japanese close their country to foreign ideas by banning Christianity and severely restricting foreign trade. Overview Assessment

Japan Limits Western Contacts Overview 3 • daimyo • Oda Nobunaga HOME 3 Japan Limits Western Contacts MAP GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • daimyo • Oda Nobunaga • Toyotomi Hideyoshi • Tokugawa Shogunate • kabuki • haiku MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Tokugawa regime unified Japan and began a 200-year period of isolation, autocracy, and economic growth. Even now, Japan continues to limit and control dealings with foreigners, especially in the area of trade. Assessment

Japan Limits Western Contacts 3 3 HOME 3 Japan Limits Western Contacts MAP GRAPH Section 3 Assessment 1. Japan was unified by a succession of daimyos. Summarize the accomplishments of each. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Daimyo Accomplishments Nobunaga Hideyoshi Ieyasu 1568, took Kyoto Defeated enemy daimyos 1575, used firearms in battle By 1590, claimed most of Japan Invaded Korea in 1592 1600, defeated rival daimyos 1603, took shogun title Moved capital to Edo Restricted daimyo power Rule of law continued . . .

Japan Limits Western Contacts 3 3 HOME 3 Japan Limits Western Contacts MAP GRAPH Section 3 Assessment 2. Do you think Japan’s closed country policy effectively kept Western ideas and customs out of Japan? THINK ABOUT • the attitude toward European presence • reaction to past restrictions on Christianity and trade • the role of Nagasaki ANSWER Possible Responses: Yes—European influence was confined to Nagasaki; large population uneducated; shoguns censored information. No—Nagasaki provided a port for European ideas as well as trade. continued . . .

Japan Limits Western Contacts 3 3 HOME 3 Japan Limits Western Contacts MAP GRAPH Section 3 Assessment 3. Compare and contrast the role of women in China to the role of women in Japan. What are the similarities and the differences between the two? ANSWER Possible Responses: China—female infanticide; footbinding; some jobs outside home Japan—no female infanticide or footbinding; more job opportunities Both—subservient to husband; most work in fields; manage household and children End of Section 3