Genetic Engineering and Selective Breeding Everything you need to know! S7L3. Students will recognize how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Recognize that selective breeding can produce plants or animals with desired traits

Scientists used a bioluminescent gene from a jellyfish to create “glowing” green mice!

 Know Selective Breeding involves choosing two organisms of the same species and mating them with the hope of getting the best qualities of each parent to show up in the offspring. Genetic Engineering involves identifying certain genes and moving them from one organism to another – even to a different species or removing the gene entirely! Both activities are controversial. Understand Genetic engineering is an ethical issue that needs to be regulated by the personal, cultural, and global conscience. Do Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both processes. Analyze scenarios and determine if the situation is an example of genetic engineering or selective breeding.

Genetic Engineering: Details Taking DNA from one organism and inserting it into another organism’s DNA sequence to ensure the organism will have a specific trait. It produces an organism that has a new trait it would most likely not have developed on its own

Genetic Engineering Example A: Diabetic = a person whose pancreas cannot create the important hormone insulin.  Take the gene for making insulin from a healthy donor’s DNA Add that gene to the DNA of pancreas cells from a diabetic Let mitosis happen for a while (in a “test tube”) so you get LOTS of pancreas cells with the good gene. Surgically implant the good cells back into the diabetic Give the insulin gene to diabetics.

Genetic Engineering Example B: Scientists engineered chickens to be featherless by REMOVING the gene in chicken DNA that causes them to grow feathers Make chickens with no feathers.

Genetic Engineering Example C: Cabbage plant + scorpion venom = bug-proof veggies Scientists added a gene for producing scorpion venom to cabbage plants to kill pesky caterpillars that eat crops!

Genetic Engineering Example D: Give tomatoes the ability to make anti-freeze. Placing the “anti-freeze gene” from a fish in tomatoes so the tomatoes can still grow in cold weather.

Remember! Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of genes! Gene: a segment of DNA

Using the DNA Sequence Knowing the sequence of an organisms DNA allows researchers to study specific genes, to compare them with the genes of other organisms, to try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations

Genetic Engineering of insect- resistant corn #2 Use enzymes to cut desired gene loose #1 Identify desired gene #3 Remove undesired gene #4 Insert desired gene into corn

Different techniques are used to… Extract DNA from cells Cut DNA into smaller pieces Identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule Make unlimited copies of DNA

DNA Extraction DNA can be extracted from most cells by a simple chemical procedure The cells are opened and the DNA is separated from other parts of the cell

Fun With Fireflies There is an enzyme that makes fireflies glow Luciferase Could we take a gene out of an animal and put it in something else? Could we get things that don’t glow, to glow

Glow - Fish

Glow - Mice

Advantages of Genetic Engineering Will get improved organisms Can create organisms with traits not previously thought possible Can remove “bad” genes Reduces the chance of getting “undesirable” organisms

Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering Co$tly Must be performed in a lab with special equipment Ethical issues Long term negative affects Negative environmental impacts Super-C apples (allergies!) Superweeds! Natural insecticides get into soil Unknowns?????

Genetic engineering has few limits - except our imagination, and our moral or ethical code.

Selective Breeding: Details Selective breeding involves mating organisms with different “desirable” traits to get offspring with the desirable traits of both parents Selective breeding is used mostly for dogs, cats, other pets, cattle, and crops.

Selective Breeding Example A Tough wild boars mated with friendly meaty pigs give you robust & meaty pigs for your farm. Tough Boar + meaty pig = Superpig

Selective Breeding Example B Santa Gertrudis cattle (cross of 2 breeds) RESULT = good beef and resistant to heat! Brahman cattle: Good resistance to heat, but poor beef. English shorthorn cattle: Good beef but poor heat resistance. hot weather cow + beefy cow = supercow

Selective Breeding: Example C Ancient corn from Peru (~4000 yrs old) Choosing only the best corn plants for seeds results in better crops over a long time.

Selective Breeding Example D = little red tomato + big green = BIG RED TOMATO

Remember! Selective breeding crosses (mates) organisms with desirable traits to produce offspring that have the traits from both parents!

Advantages of Selective Breeding Might get improved organisms Don’t need any special tools or lab Can be performed easily by farmers & breeders

Disadvantages of Selective Breeding Undesirable traits from both parents may appear in the offspring Disease can accumulate in the population Remember the deaf dalmatians, boxers with heart disease, labs with hip problems, etc.?

REVIEW Selective Breeding Genetic Engineering Relatively new process performed within labs Manipulates or alters the genetic makeup of organisms Results in organisms with new traits Selective Breeding Process has been around for thousands of years Combines the best traits of two organisms Results in organisms that have the desirable traits of their parents

GE SB SB GE GE BOTH BOTH SB SB GE SB Scientific Example or Fact GE or SB? Farmers removed the gene in chicken DNA to make them grow featherless. This process attempts to combines the best traits of 2 parents. Dog breeders wanted to breed a dog that would run fast but also be born with long, shiny fur, looking for the best characteristics from the parents. Scientists take out a gene for bioluminescence from a jellyfish and put that gene into a mouse’s DNA to see if it will have a glowing effect. This process is relatively new and done in science labs. This process manipulates or alters the genes/DNA of organisms. This results in organisms with new traits. English Shorthorn cattle, which produced good beef were bred with Brahman cattle from India to make the offspring both tasty and resistant to heat and humidity. This process has been around for thousands of years. Scientists removed a gene for fat in bison to make them leaner. This results in organisms with desirable traits from both parents GE SB SB GE GE BOTH BOTH SB SB GE SB