Do-Now: Describe the following phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Generalization Discrimination Extinction Spontaneous Recovery

Chapter 6 (C): Operant Conditioning Ms. Saint-Paul A.P. Psychology

What is Operant Conditioning and how does it differ from Classical Conditioning?

Classical Vs. Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US) Respondent Behavior Operant conditioning forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events. Operant Behavior

Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning: A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished by a punishment

Edward Thorndike Law of effect This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again Responses that produce desirable results will learned, or “ stamped’ into the organism. Ex: Found that a hungry cats in a puzzle box would work diligently to solve the puzzle by trial and error to obtain the food reward outside the box. Gradually, on succeeding trials and wrong responses were eliminated & effective response were strengthen.

Operant Chamber Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the operant chamber, or the “Skinner Box,” to study operant conditioning.

Operant Chamber The Operant Chamber, or “Skinner Box,” comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal’s response.

Shaping Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations. A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes.

Types of Reinforcers Reinforcer: Any event that strengthens (reinforces) the behavior it follows A reinforcement is a reward

Types of Reinforcers

Positive & Negative Reinforcers Positive Reinforcement: Increase in response by adding/giving a positive stimulus Ex: Getting $5 for each A on your report card. Negative Reinforcement: Increase in response by removing an aversive (negative) stimulus Ex: Aspirin/Headache

Types of Reinforcers Primary Reinforcer: An innately reinforcing stimulus Often satisfies a biological need E.g. food, drink and pleasure Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcer: Is a learned reinforcer A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer E.g. Money, Grades, Applaud, etc.

Schedules of Reinforcement Terms to consider: Fixed: Set/Pre-determined Variable: Changeable/Unpredictable Ratio: Number of times Interval: Amount of time intervals

Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio: Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses E.g. Buy 10 coffees, get one free/ Reward cards Variable-Ratio: Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of responses E.g. Slot machines

Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed-Interval: Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed E.g. Bi-weekly pay checks Variable-Interval: Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals E.g. Pop quizzes

Schedules of Reinforcement

Punishment

If not, what other alternatives do you support? Punishment Do you feel that punishment is effective, and under what types of circumstances? If not, what other alternatives do you support?

Punishment Effects of Punishment on Behavior: Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten Punishment does not teach appropriate behavior Punishment causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence Punishment can teach fear Justifies pain to others Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems

Reminder Chapter 6 Test Tuesday, 12/11/2017 Chapter 8 Outline: “Memory” 12/11/2017

Chapter 6 (D): Operant Conditioning: Expanding Skinner’s Understanding Ms. Saint-Paul A.P. Psychology

“Do Now” What is Operant Conditioning? Describe the following types of reinforcement: Positive Negative Primary Secondary (Conditioned) Describe the following schedules of reinforcement: Fixed-Ratio Variable-Ratio Fixed-Interval Variable-Interval Which one do you think is least effective? Which one do you think is most effective? Which one do you think is most addictive? What are some ways that punishment affects behavior?

Cognition and Operant Conditioning Cognitive Map: A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. E.g. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. Often not demonstrated until there is a reward presented.

Cognition and Operant Conditioning Latent Learning: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. Ex: ( Children, Passenger)

Cognition and Operant Conditioning Can you think of other examples when you experienced latent learning?

Cognition and Operant Conditioning Insight: A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior because you enjoy the activity itself. Ex: Diary Extrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Outward motivation Ex: Diary/Profit

Biology and Operant Conditioning Biological constraints Is the limitations on a species ability to learn new tasks that are imposed by physical restraints or cognitive (mental) abilities of the species. Breland and Breland (1961) showed that animals drift toward their biologically predisposed instinctive behaviors Marian Breland Bailey

Operant Vs. Classical Conditioning

Homework Unit 6 Test: “Learning” Monday 12/11/17 Chapter 7 Outline due Monday 12/11/17

I Learned… (Turn in) What is a cognitive map? How did rats use it in operant conditioning? What is latent learning? Provide an example. What is insight? What is its role in problem-solving? What is the difference between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation? In what ways do organisms’ biology influence operant conditioning?