BELL RINGER How do plants get energy? What are the reactants in photosynthesis? What are the products of photosynthesis? How is the energy of ATP released? What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? What are light dependent reactions and where in the cell do they occur? What are light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) and where in the cell do they occur?

Bell Ringer What are the reactants in cellular respiration? What are the products of cellular respiration? In what organelle does cellular respiration take place? What does anaerobic mean? What is fermentation? Is fermentation an effective source of ATP? What kind of organisms perform cellular respiration?

Cellular Respiration VIDEO How do living things release energy?

Aerobic Anaerobic A process that requires oxygen A process that does not require oxygen

Cellular Respiration Equation Reactants Products Sugar + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + water + energy C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

So What is Cellular Respiration? Occurs in cytoplasm not in mitochondria The process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules (glucose, etc.) in the presence of Oxygen. Three main stages: Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Inside of mitochondria

Respiration: An Overview Mitochondrian Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Glucose Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Glycolysis Cytoplasm Mitochondria WATER Carbon Dioxide 2 2 32 Go to Section:

Where does all of this happen? In Both Plant and Animal Cells!!!! Stage of Respiration Location Glycolysis cytoplasm Krebs Cycle mitochondria Electron Transport Chain

Plant and Animal Cell Review Plant Cell Mitochondria Chloroplast Mitochondria Mitochondria Mitochondria Mitochondria

Glycolysis 1 glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid and a small amount of energy, 2 ATP produced. Requires 2 ATP to get started! It only releases 4 ATP. This means that the net gain is 2 ATP. High energy electrons (Pyruvic Acid) are released and carried to the ETC

Krebs Cycle Pyruvic acid is converted into carbon dioxide, 2 ATP , and high energy electrons are sent to ETC. The pyruvic acid creates 2 more ATP molecules and releases carbon dioxide as waste. High energy electrons are also released and carried to the electron transport chain.

Electron Transport Chain In the presence of oxygen, the high energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle and Glycolysis are used to turn ADP into ATP. The chain produces 32 ATP. Water is given off as waste.

The ATP Totals Stage of Respiration ATP produced Glycolysis 2 ATP (net) Krebs Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP Total 36 ATP (net)

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Cellular Respiration (C6H1206) + (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain (CO2) + (H2O) Mitochondria Go to Section:

Summary of Cellular Respiration (With Oxygen Present) Stage Where Input Output # ofATP Glycolysis Cytoplasm Glucose , 2ATP Pyruvic Acid, 2ATP, electrons 2 (net) Krebs Cycle Mitochondria Pyruvic Acid, Oxygen Carbon Dioxide, 2 ATP, electrons 2 ETC Oxygen, Electrons (carried by NADH and FADH₂) Water, 32ATP 32

What if there is no oxygen? Then Fermentation occurs….. Fermentation releases the energy in food molecules (glucose) without oxygen. This process is called anaerobic because it does not require oxygen. There are two types of fermentation: Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation Performed by yeasts and a few other microorganisms. Uses pyruvic acid to regenerate the electron carriers so that glycolysis can continue. Produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste. Examples: Alcoholic Fermentation occurs in bread dough. When yeast runs out of oxygen they begin to ferment releasing carbon dioxide bubbles. This causes the bread to rise. Alcoholic Fermentation is also used to make beer and wine. Cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, vinegar.

Lactic Acid Fermentation Performed in the muscle cells of animals. Turns pyruvic acid into lactic acid and regenerates the electron carriers so that glycolysis can continue. Examples: During rapid intense exercise, your body cannot supply oxygen to your muscles fast enough. This causes the muscles to begin Lactic Acid Fermentation in order to produce ATP. The lactic acid builds up in your muscles causing you to feel sore.

How do you get rid of the Lactic Acid build up? A chemical pathway that uses extra oxygen will break down the lactic acid. This is why people breathe heavily after intense exercise. They are basically paying back on oxygen debt.

Three energy “tanks”: Energy and Exercise Stored Energy: a small amount of ATP is stored in cells to support around 6 seconds of intense activity. Lactic Acid Fermentation: can supply energy for about 90 seconds. Cellular Respiration: after 90 seconds, this is the only way to obtain continuous ATP. The process is slow. This is why athletes must pace themselves.

Summary FermentationType Input Output Takes place In: Alcoholic Pyruvic Acid Alcohol, CO2, and electron carriers Cytoplasm of yeast Lactic Acid Lactic Acid and electron carriers Cytoplasm of muscle cells AMEOBA SISTERS RECAP VIDEO

Cellular Respiration Flipbook Front View (Closed) Glycolysis Pay attention to the details….. Don’t miss anything….. without oxygen Fermentation with oxygen Stage: 1 End Stage: 2 Stage: 3 Inside Flipbook (Opened up) Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain with oxygen Glycolysis: Input: Output: Takes Place in: Fermentation: Input: Output: Takes Place in: End (cytoplasm) Fermentation Alcohol Lactic Acid Back View (Closed) Without oxygen Cellular Respiration Equation (Both Versions) Reactants Products (Mitochondria) Water Carbon dioxide Krebs Cycle: Input: Output: Takes Place in: Electron Transport Chain: Input: Output: Takes Place in: