STATES OF MATTER CH. 1

Property Examples odor taste color texture shape

PROPERTIES Physical properties:Characteristics of a substance that can be determined without changing it into a new substance. Chemical properties:Characteristics of a substance that determine how it will react with other substances.

Physical Change-a change that doesn’t produce a new kind of substance.

CHEMICAL CHANGE A Chemical change is the process of forming a new substance that has different properties by chemically combining atoms.

Iron Oxide

Mass-the amount of matter in an object.

Volume-the amount of space an object takes up.

Density-the amount of matter in a given space.

Matter-anything that has mass and volume.

States of Matter

Solid-a substance that has a definite volume and shape. Tightly packed in a definite pattern.

Types of Solids Crystalline-particles arranged in a specific repeating pattern. (diamond) Amorphous-particles are arranged in a random pattern. (charcoal)

Liquid-a substance that has a definite volume but no definite shape. Close together but free to flow.

Viscosity The measurement of a liquid’s resistance to flow. -Honey -Water

Viscosity The stronger the force of attraction, the higher the viscosity. Heat weakens the forces to lower viscosity.

Surface Tension The uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid.

Surface Tension The stronger the attractive forces between particles, the greater the surface tension. -The water molecules at the surface have a higher downward pull, creating tension on the surface.

Gas-a substance that has neither a definite shape nor volume. Spread apart and move about freely.

Changing States

Melting-Solid to Liquid

Freezing-Liquid to Solid

Vaporization-Liquid to Gas

Evaporation-Vaporization from the surface.

Condensation-Gas to a Liquid

Sublimation-solid directly to a gas.

Deposition-Gas directly to a solid

Vapor Vapor-The gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or liquid at room temperature.

Behavior of Gases Pressure-the amount of force applied per unit of area(volume). Boyle’s Law-pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases and decreases if the volume increases, when the temperature remains constant. Charles’ Law-the volume of gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is constant.

Plasma-a substance made of high energy particles.

Energy Kinetic-Energy of motion. The faster the particles move the more kinetic energy they have. Potential-Stored energy(chemical potential). The farther apart the particles, the more the greater the potential energy.

Thermal Energy Matter changes from one state to another by adding or taking away heat.

Kinetic Molecular Theory -How particles in matter behave. Small particles make up all matter. Particles are in constant, random motion. Particles collide. No energy is lost when they collide.

Conservation of Mass and Energy

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are the smallest form of a substance and cannot be broken down any further.

Atomic Structure

Atoms

Make up of an atom (subatomic particles) An atom has a nucleus made of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons. An electron cloud surrounds the nucleus. The electron cloud contains negative electrons. The cloud has three energy levels. The 1st contains up to 2 electrons. The 2nd and 3rd contain up to 8 electrons.

Atom Nucleus Protons-Positive Neutrons-Neutral Electron Cloud(7 levels) Electrons-Negative Level 1-up to 2 electrons Level 2-up to 8 electrons Level 3-up to 8 electrons

Periodic Table

Atomic Number-the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass Number(Atomic Mass)-the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass Number

Atomic Mass

Atoms

Energy Levels

Ions-charged atoms that occur when electrons are gained or lost creating a difference between the number of protons and electrons.

Ions

Ionic Bonding-transfer

Covalent Bonding-share

Isotopes-atoms of the same element(same # protons) that have a different number neutrons.

Classifications of Matter Elements Compounds Mixtures

Elements-matter that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.

Elements/Compounds

Compound-two or more kinds of atoms chemically combined.

Sodium

Chlorine

NaCl

Mixture-two or more substances physically combined.

Mud