Macromolecules

Background Info Organic Compound - compounds that contain CARBON. Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

Background Info Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. Example: CH4(methane)

Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Macromolecules include: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Small to large sugar molecules Monomer = monosaccharide – 1 sugar unit exp = glucose disaccharide = 2 sugar units Maltose = glucose + glucose polysaccharide = many sugar units starch = bread, potatoes

glucose Monosaccharide glucose Disaccharide glucose Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates Functions: Energy Storage Structure Atoms: C : H : O 1 : 2 : 1

Lipids

Lipids General term for compounds that are not soluble in water. Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

Lipids Functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Chemical messengers (hormones) 3. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) 4. Repels water Atoms: C, H, O, P

Proteins

Proteins (Polypeptides) Made up of Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Atoms: C, H, O, N, P, S Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Communication: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Catalyze Chemical Reactions: enzymes

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -structure = double helix ) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) -structure = single strand) Monomer = nucleotides

Nucleic acids Nucleotide parts include: adenine (A) phosphate group 5 Carbon sugar (Deoxyrobose = DNA Ribose = RNA) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G)

Nucleotide

Nucleic acids Functions: Store and Transmit Genetic Information Energy Transfer Atoms: C, H, O, N, P

Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Also called “condensation reaction” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H H2O HO H

Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

Answer: Hydrolysis Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H H2O HO H