Journal (DO NoW ) Why is it important for psychologists to conduct scientific research? What is overconfidence? Provide an example. Define operational definition and provide example? What is the significant of replication in Research Method?

Unit 2 (M5-6): Research Methods Ms. Saint-Paul A.P. Psychology

Descriptive Research NON EXPERIMENTALS RESEARCH DESIGNS

The Scientific Method Is a framework for acquiring knowledge base on careful observation and not the use of experimental methods. It can be conceptualized in terms of four general steps that scientist use to test their ideas and to expand and refine their knowledge: Developing a Research Question Drawing on theory, observations, experiences, or common beliefs to formulate a researchable question Forming a Hypothesis Reframing the question so that it becomes a specific prediction that can be tested through research Gathering Evidence Testing the hypothesis Drawing Conclusions Using statistical methods of analysis to determine whether the data support the hypothesis

Non-Experimental Research Designs ( Descriptive Research) Naturalistic Observation: Observation of subject(s) in a natural setting without manipulating or controlling the situation (e.g. watching teenagers in a mall) Problems with this method When subjects feel or know they are being watch the act differently, Allows Researcher to only observe natural behavior but not interact . https://youtu.be/BHA3YpjdqZs

Non-Experimental Research Designs ( Descriptive Research) Survey: This method gathers Information from target groups of people through the often use of interviews format Researchers uses this method to learn about people’s opinions, attitudes and Perception.

Survey Random Sample/Selection: A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Survey Population: Sample: Represents the total group of people who are the subjects of interest. (E.g. The entire senior body at Krop sr school (500 students)) Sample: Small group of participants, out of a total population, that a researcher studies Representative vs. Non-representative(E.g. 200 of Krop seniors vs. 200 Krop Juniors)

Non-Experimental Research Designs ( Descriptive Research) Case Study: Intensive investigation of a single individual. Psychologist draws information from interviews, observations, or written records (E.G. Jeffery Dahmer) Cons: Runs the Risk of Over generalizing. Relying on Memory which cannot be trusted because of gaps or distortions in memory Withheld of information for more favorable impression.

Studies of Development Longitudinal Study: Studying a group of participants over a number of years (e.g. following a group of high school freshmen throughout their high school career) Cross-Sectional Study: Studying groups of participants of different ages and comparing them to draw conclusions about age (e.g. studying a group of freshmen and seniors)

Correlation Studies The study of the relationship between two variable.

Correlation ≠ Causation

Correlations Three types of Relationship

Correlation Positive Correlation: E.g. studying and GPA Direct relationship Both factors increase together; Both factors decrease together E.g. studying and GPA Right: Perfect Positive Correlation (0 and +1.00)

Correlation Negative Correlation: Inverse relationship One factor increases, while the other decreases E.g. Physical exercise and fat content Right: Perfect Negative Correlation (0 and -1.00)

What would its correlation coefficient be? What do you think a scatterplot would look like for two factors that are not correlated? What would its correlation coefficient be? r=0.00

Correlations

Correlation Coefficient Which is represented by the letter R tells about the relationship between two variables, its strength and its direction THE VALUE ALWAYS FALLS BETWEEN 0 and -1.00 or ) and +1.00, THE CLOSER THE NUMBER IS TO +/-1.00 THE STRONGER THE RELATIONSHIP POSITIVE (+) ONE VARIABLE INCREASE SO DOES THE OTHER NEGATIVE SIGN(-) ONE VARIABLE INCREASE THE OTHER DECREASE ZERO CORRELATION MEANS THERE IS NO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO VARIABLES.

Review & Do-Now (In Journal) WHAT ARE THE FOUR NON-EXPERIMENTAL? What is the difference between a population and a sample? How could one effectively create a representative sample? What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation? What are some implications of a correlation?

Unit 2 (M6): Experimental Method Research Designs Ms. Saint-Paul A.P. Psychology

Do-Now What is a correlation? What is a positive correlation? What is the correlation coefficient (r) for a perfect positive correlation? What does a positive correlation look like? Provide an example of two things that may be positively correlated. What is a negative correlation? What is the correlation coefficient (r) for a perfect negative correlation? What does a negative correlation look like? Provide an example of two things that may be negatively correlated.

Experimental Research Designs The research method for investigating cause-and-effect relationships. It manipulates one or more variables (independent variables) to observe the effect of that manipulation (Dependent Variables). If-then “ If participants drink a 12-ounce cup of coffee before working on a Puzzle , then they will finish the puzzle faster then those who did not drink the coffee.”

Experimental Research Designs Experiments begin with a hypothesis (e.g. “Caffeine improves test performance”) Experimenters must employ variables: Independent Variable(cause): Manipulated/changed by experimenter to observe its effects (e.g. Coffee) Dependent Variable(Effect): The effects/changes that occur in relation to the independent variable (e.g. improved test performance) Confounding Variables: Factors other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment (e.g. one’s natural intelligence)

Experimental Research Designs Other Major Components and Procedures Defining A population of Interest Being Tested Representative Sample Same characteristics as Population Sampling Bias Ransom Sample

Experimental Research Designs Experimenters divide participants into two groups (often randomly): Experimental Group: Independent variable is applied (e.g. Coffee is given to participants) Control Group: Treated the same way as experimental group, but independent variable is not applied (e.g. No coffee is given to participants)