Bell ringer Using your reading “Congress of Vienna” please answer the three questions on the worksheet.

German and Italian Unification movements

Italy before unification

Italian Unification movement - Leaders Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Garibaldi Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour

Giuseppe Mazzini Formed a nationalist group known as “Young Italy” in 1832. He called for an end to foreign rule and the unification of Italy based on the common language and culture of the people. The Italian nationalist movement was called the Risorgimento (“resurgence”) 1848: rebels failed and former rulers of Italian states drove Mazzini and other nationalist leaders into exile.

Cavour Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. Used diplomacy and alliances to increase Piedmont-Sardinian power. Would unify the North

Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of the Red Shirts (Italian nationalist group that gained control of Sicily in 1860). Would unify the South and merge with North (under pressure)

Victor Emmanuel II leader of Piedmont-Sardinia; future King

Goal and Plan of Italian unification Goals: Rid Italy of foreign rule and unify North under Piedmont-Sardinia and annex the South Plan: using “Realpolitik” use nationalism to increase strength of Piedmont-Sardinia and unify all of Italy

“RealPolitik”

Italian Unification process 1. Young Italy movement leads revolt in 1848 2. War vs. Austria gains Lombardy 3. Domino Effect causes Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna to revolt against foreign rulers 4. Red Shirts gain Sicily and Naples 5. Venetia gained by Seven Weeks War 6. Rome joins via the Franco-Prussian War

Date and Place of Unification 1860 Garibaldi and Emmanuel II meet in Naples agree to unite 1861 Meeting in Turin Emmanuel confirmed as king of Italy Limited Constitutional Monarchy

Future Problems/Outcomes Italy will face political, social, and economic problems: 1. little experience with self-government 2. rivalries between regions 3. language and transportation 4. unemployment/labor problems 5. standard of living will be low

German Unification movement

German Unification leaders Wilhelm I= leader of Prussia; first Kaiser of unified Germany Supported by the Junkers: Wealthy landowning class Strongly conservative and opposed liberal ideas.

German Leaders Ottto von Bismarck= prime minister of Prussia; first chancellor of unified Germany Master of Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”): politics than leave no room for idealism. Known as the “Iron Chancellor” for his realpolitik and his powerful rule. Used diplomacy and wars to unite Germany.

German leaders Wilhelm II= Kaiser of Germany; forces Bismarck to resign Supports Militarism and Nationalism. Will begin to build a navy to compete with Great Britain.

Goals and plans of German unification movement Goals: unify German people under Prussia excluding Austria. Plan: using “Realpolitik” use nationalism to increase strength of Prussia and unify all German people and by forming alliances to help

Unification process 1. Danish War in 1864 gains Schleswig and Holstein 2. Seven Weeks War in 1866 gains Prussia control of unification 3. Northern German Confederation created and excludes Austria and catholic states 4. Franco-Prussian War in 1870 joins southern German states with Northern German States

Date and Place of Unification 1871 German States meet in hall of mirrors at the Palace of Versailles Declare the formation of the Second Reich Limited Constitutional Monarchy

Future Problems/Outcomes Germany will expand the empire and influence around the world Germany will become a military and industrial power Industrialization, Militarization, and Reforms

THE BALANCE OF POWER SHIFTS

The Congress of Vienna established five Great Powers in Europe: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia. By 1871, however, Britain and Germany were clearly the most powerful. The European balance of power had broken down.