Active Filters Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Active Filters

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Introduction Filtering: most common linear time-invariant (LTI) signal processing function – selecting the signal bandwidth of interest (in reality neither linear nor time-invariant)… Categories: continuous time (CT), discrete time (DT) analog filter, digital filter (will focus on CT analog filters for this course) Frequency domain: low-pass (LP), high-pass (HP), band-pass (BP)… Time domain: impulse response, FIR, IIR…

Continuous-time, 1st-order, one real pole, low-pass Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Simple RC Filter Continuous-time, 1st-order, one real pole, low-pass

Simple RC Filter Frequency response Impulse response Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Simple RC Filter Frequency response Impulse response

General Filter Specs Ideal LPF: More realistic: Non-causal Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 General Filter Specs Ideal LPF: Non-causal Infinite complexity More realistic: Magnitude response ωp, ωs, αp, and αs Phase response

Example: 2nd-order VTF Continuous-time Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Example: 2nd-order VTF Continuous-time Where are the poles? (complex conjugate poles for maximum flatness) Low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass?

Passive RLC Filter  No active component (low power) Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Passive RLC Filter  No active component (low power) Inductors are bulky and expensive to realize in IC’s Values of R, L, and C will not track each other

Active OP-RC Filter  It’s active Inductor-less Area efficient Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Active OP-RC Filter It’s active Inductor-less Area efficient Values of R’s and C’s and their time co.’s won’t track each other – may lead to RC time constant variations of as high as 20% RC time constant enters the VTF in product form – can be tuned for accuracy Assuming ideal op amps, 

Continuous-Time Integrator Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Continuous-Time Integrator Assuming ideal op amp,

Cascade Filter Design ‒ Biquads Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Cascade Filter Design ‒ Biquads

The leading minus sign in Hbq(s) is only for convenience Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Cascade Filter Design For a real-coefficient H(s): 2nd-order 1st-order Biquad: The leading minus sign in Hbq(s) is only for convenience

Special Cases of Biquad Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Special Cases of Biquad

Q Factor of Poles Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Q Factor of Poles

Signal Flow Graph (SFG) for Biquad Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Signal Flow Graph (SFG) for Biquad  Note: the partition of the biquadratic VTF is not unique

OP-RC Implementation Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 OP-RC Implementation

Alternative SFG for Biquad Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Alternative SFG for Biquad Recast Hbq(s): 

Alternative OP-R-C Prototype Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Alternative OP-R-C Prototype

Cascade Filter Design For a real-coefficient H(s): 2nd-order 1st-order Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Cascade Filter Design For a real-coefficient H(s): 2nd-order 1st-order Order of cascade determines the signal dynamic range Optimized using engineering rule of thumb or thru simulation

Biquad Cascade Filter Design Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Biquad Cascade Filter Design Most flexible arrangement of cascade filter design Allow independent, non-interacting control of (ω0, Q) for pole pairs Easy design Components need to be scaled for maximum DR and minimum component spread Pass-band sensitivity to capacitance variation is finite → Ladder filter can achieve zero sensitivity

Scaling of Active Filter Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Scaling of Active Filter

Typical Active Multi-Stage Filters Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Typical Active Multi-Stage Filters Initial component values may not be optimal...

Freq. Response of Internal Nodes Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Freq. Response of Internal Nodes Internal signal swings need to be large to max SNR But not too large such that op amps saturate (producing distortion)

DR Scaling of ith Integrator (Vi) Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 DR Scaling of ith Integrator (Vi) First find out the peak value of Vi(ω), mostly done with simulation Then find out the ratio ki = Vi,peak/Vo,max Multiply all capacitors connecting at Vi by ki: Fi → Fi*ki, Sij → Sij*ki, … Divide all resistors connecting at Vi by ki: Fi → Fi*ki, Sij → Sij*ki, … Repeat for all internal nodes…

Max internal signal swings all line up to Vo,max Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 After DR Scaling Max internal signal swings all line up to Vo,max

Scaling for Min. Component Spread Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Scaling for Min. Component Spread Find out the smallest cap/res connected to Xi – the summing node of Ai determine the optimum scaling factor mi to minimize spread Multiply all capacitors connected to Xi by mi: Fi → Fi*mi, Sji → Sji*mi, … Divide all resistors connected to Xi by mi: Fi → Fi*mi, Sji → Sji*mi, … Repeat for all integrators…

Scaling of Active Filter Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Scaling of Active Filter DR and min spread scaling do not take op-amp loading into account – lots of work if individual op amps are sized to meet the settling time constraint Upon the completion of scaling, simulation needs to be performed on the resulting filter to find out the overall SNR If SNR is lower than the spec, capacitors and op amps need to be scaled up and resistors scaled down to meet the SNR spec (think about how integrated output noise behaves)

Ladder Filter Design Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Ladder Filter Design

Motivation Cascade filter design Ladder filter design Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Motivation Cascade filter design Sensitive to component variations, especially high-Q poles Ladder filter design Achieves zero sensitivity to component variations Discrete CT LC filters with very high-Q poles are built with ladder structures over the years

Ladder Filter Reactance two-port Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Ladder Filter Reactance two-port Doubly terminated reactance two-port network Delivers the optimum power matching in the passband ∂|Vout|/∂Zi = 0 for all L’s and C’s → low sensitivity

State Space of Ladder Filter Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 State Space of Ladder Filter Pick –V1, -I2, V3 as the state variables for synthesis

Signal Flow Graph (SFG) Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Signal Flow Graph (SFG)

CT OP-RC Ladder Filter Three free state variables → three op amps Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 CT OP-RC Ladder Filter Three free state variables → three op amps A.k.a the leapfrog ladder structure

Transmission Zeros Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Transmission Zeros

Transmission Zeros Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Transmission Zeros

Modified SFG with Derivatives Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Modified SFG with Derivatives

OP-RC Ladder Filter w/ Derivatives Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 OP-RC Ladder Filter w/ Derivatives Derivative input paths implemented with capacitors

Other Active Filters Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Other Active Filters

Tow-Thomas Biquad Low sensitivity Non-interactive tuning property Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Tow-Thomas Biquad Low sensitivity Non-interactive tuning property [1] P. E. Fleischer and J. Tow, "Design formulas for biquad active filters using three operational amplifiers,“ Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 61, pp. 662-3, issue 5, 1973.

Design Equations for Tow-Thomas Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Design Equations for Tow-Thomas  Note: C1, C2, k1, k2, R8 are free parameters

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Sallen-Key LPF OP-RC active filters are ideally insensitive to bottom-plate stray caps Sallen-Key is sensitive to bottom-plate parasitics at node A and B

Design Equations for SK LPF Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Design Equations for SK LPF 

Still sensitive to parasitic capacitance at node A and B Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Sallen-Key BPF Still sensitive to parasitic capacitance at node A and B

Design Equations for SK BPF Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Design Equations for SK BPF 

MOSFET-C Active Filter Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 MOSFET-C Active Filter

MOSFET Resistor MOSFET in triode region is a variable resistor Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 MOSFET Resistor MOSFET in triode region is a variable resistor Compact, low parasitics compared to large-value resistors

But the large-signal response is quite nonlinear Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 MOSFET Resistor But the large-signal response is quite nonlinear

A Linear (Diff.) MOSFET Resistor Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 A Linear (Diff.) MOSFET Resistor MOSFET resistor is linear when driven by balanced differential signals!

Rudell VGA + Mixer M9-M15 comprise the CMFB circuit Gain adjustment Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Rudell VGA + Mixer M9-M15 comprise the CMFB circuit Gain adjustment by varying IGain [2] J. C. Rudell et al., “A 1.9-GHz wide-band IF double conversion CMOS receiver for cordless telephone applications,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, pp. 2071-88, issue 12, 1997.

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 MOSFET-C Integrator = Sources of M1 and M2 are ideally always equal-potential Fully differential circuit rejects the 2nd-order harmonic (and all even-order distortions) Triode resistance significantly depends on process (threshold, mobility, etc.), temperature, and VDD → Filter response needs tuning

Frequency Tuning Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Frequency Tuning

Subject to device mismatch between the master and slave Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Master-Slave Tuning M1-M1' and C-C' are matched devices Master sets M1-C time constant to an off-chip reference thru f/b Slave integrator time constant follows that of the master Subject to device mismatch between the master and slave

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Req Matching [3] R. Geiger, P. Allen, and N. Dinh, “Switched-resistor filters - A continuous time approach to monolithic MOS filter design,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 29, pp. 306-315, issue 5, 1982.

Req Matching Charge from R is continuous but discrete from Cr Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Req Matching Charge from R is continuous but discrete from Cr VC(t) should be sampled at the end of Ф2 and held before being applied to the MOSFET gate LPF can be used instead of ZOH, but error will be introduced

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Phase Locking [4] K. R. Rao, et al., “A novel ‘follow the master’ filter,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 65, pp. 1725-6, issue 12, 1977. [5] R. Geiger, P. Allen, and N. Dinh, “Switched-resistor filters - A continuous time approach to monolithic MOS filter design,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 29, pp. 306-315, issue 5, 1982.

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Phase Locking Phase detector converts the phase difference b/t V1 and V2 into a pulse with bipolar average <Vp> The trailing integrator keeps integrating when <Vp> ≠ 0 holds

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Phase Locking Δφ = 90º <Vp> = 0 holds for Δφ = 90º, -90º, … In steady state, V2 leads V1 by 90º Negative f/b sets the pole freq. of the HPF formed by C & R to ωref

CT Ladder Filter Tuning Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 CT Ladder Filter Tuning 5th-order Chebyshev-I all-pole continuous-time filter Integrators are realized by Gm-C active structures

Gm-C Active Integrator Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Gm-C Active Integrator Differential input with programmable gain constant Gm/C

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 Frequency Locking [6] K.-S. Tan and P. R. Gray, "Fully integrated analog filters using bipolar-JFET technology," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC13, pp. 814-821, issue 6, 1978.

Advanced Analog IC Design Professor Y. Chiu EECT 7326 Fall 2013 VCO