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FIGURE 12-1 Op-amp symbols and packages.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-2 Basic op-amp representations.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-3 Basic internal arrangement of an op-amp.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-4 Single-ended input mode.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-5 Differential input mode.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-6 Common-mode operation.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-7 Input bias current is the average of the two op-amp input currents.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-8 Op-amp input impedance.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-9 Effect of input offset current.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-10 Op-amp output impedance.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-11 Slew-rate measurement.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-12 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-13 Illustration of negative feedback.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE Without negative feedback, a small input voltage drives the op-amp to its output limits and it becomes nonlinear. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-15 Noninverting amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-16 Differential input Vin - Vf.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-17 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-18 Op-amp voltage-follower.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-19 Inverting amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE Virtual ground concept and closed-loop voltage gain development for the inverting amplifier. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-21 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-22 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-23 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-24 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-25 Inverting amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-26 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-27 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-28 Input bias current creates output error voltage (I1Rf) in inverting amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-29 Input bias current creates output error voltage in a voltage-follower.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-30 Input bias current creates output error voltage in noninverting amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-31 Bias current compensation in a voltage-follower.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-32 Bias current compensation in the noninverting and inverting amplifier configurations.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-33 Input offset voltage equivalent.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-34 Input offset voltage compensation for a 741 op-amp.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-35 Open-loop and closed-loop op-amp configurations.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE Ideal plot of open-loop voltage gain versus frequency for a typical op-amp. The frequency scale is logarithmic. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE RC lag circuit. Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-38 Op-amp represented by a gain element and an internal RC circuit.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-39 Output voltage lags input voltage.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-40 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-41 Op-amp open-loop frequency response.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-42 Closed-loop gain compared to open-loop gain.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-43 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-44 Faults in the noninverting amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-45 Faults in the inverting amplifier.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-46 Block diagram of basic superheterodyne AM receiver.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-47 Audio amplifier board.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-48 Audio amplifier schematic.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-49 Test results for three faulty circuit boards.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-50 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-51 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-52 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE File circuits are identified with a CD logo and are in the Problems folder on your CD-ROM. Filenames correspond to figure numbers (e.g., F12-53). Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-54 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-55 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-56 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-57 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-58 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-59 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-60 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-61 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-62 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-63 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-64 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-65 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-66 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-67 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-68 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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FIGURE 12-69 Thomas L. Floyd Electronic Devices, 6e and Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version, 4e Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.
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