Italy, Austria, the Ottoman Empire and Russia

Section 3: Unifying Italy #236-240

How did influencial Leaders help to create A unified Italy? Summary Question How did influencial Leaders help to create A unified Italy?

Summary Camillo Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi Anarchist emigration

Unifying Italy For centuries, Italy was based on regional not unified power (under control of Austria, France, and the Pope) Giuseppe Mazzine in 1830s founded Young Italy (Italian nationalist) – nationalism based on common language and history

1852 – Victor Emmanuel – constitutional monarch Hired Count Camillo Cavour prime minister (monarchist and realpolitik) wanted to unify Italy Created wars to end Austrian / French rule

Giuseppe Garibaldi – led Red Shirt nationalists and gained control of Sicily and Naples Gave control of Sicily and Naples to Cavour 1870 – Italy becomes a united nation

Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires #241-244

Summary Question How did the desire for National independence among ethnic Groups weaken and ultimately Destroy the Austrian and Ottoman Empires?

Vocabulary Francis Joseph Ferenc Deak Dual Monarchy

Austria Hapsburgs – oldest ruling house in Europe Multi-national empire – German minority with Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Hungarians, and Italians 1848 – 1916 – Francis Joseph ruled empire

1866 – creation of dual monarchy – Austria and Hungary Austria-Hungary = separate states, own constitutions/Parliament; Francis Joseph ruled both; finance, defense, and foreign affairs shared

Ottoman Empire collapses Eastern Europe, Balkans, North Africa to Middle East Serbia won autonomy in 1830 Southern Greece independent 1830s Balkans – “powder keg of Europe” – assassination of Austrian prince led to WWI

Europeans viewed the empire as “sick man of Europe” European powers wanted to divide up the empire for themselves Empire collapsed in 1916

Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction #246-251

Summary Question Why did industrialization and Reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?

Vocabulary Colussus Alexandar II Crimean war Emancipation Zemstvo Pogrom Refugees Duma Peter Stolypin

Russia Absolute rulers Land-owning nobles dominated society Majority of Russians were serfs; bound to the land with masters who controlled land

Alexander II takes throne in 1855 Reforms in 1861 – emancipation of serfs, creation of local govts. – zemstvos; trial by jury, eased censorship Results – Alexander II assassinated for his efforts on March 13, 1881

Alexander III replaced him and removed reforms, increased power to secret police; one language (Russian), one church (Russian Orthodox); non-Russians persecuted; Jews subject to pogroms – refugees to USA and Palestine

Beginning in 1890s, Nicholas II in charge – encouraged industrial development At same time, socialist revolutionaries preached ideas of Karl Marx

Bloody Sunday – January 22, 1905 – protesters demanded shorter hours and better wages; government reform; military troops fired on protestors – 100s killed/wounded

October 1905 – October Manifesto “freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union”; no law passed without Duma (elected national legislature)