Unit 5: 1750-1900 The Long 19th Century

Major Characteristics European dominance of long-distance trade Inequalities of classes due to Industrialization Inequalities of regions increase due to in imperialism Independence movements, revolutions

Industrialization Started in England b/c agricultural revolution, colonies, new technology, available resources like coal and iron, economic and political stability Improvements in transportation- steam engine, railroads Caused problems w/ urbanization, pollution, working conditions, creation of middle class, lessening of influence of nobles, larger gap between wealthy/poor

Imperialism Western empire building by forceful economic and political domination Reasons: nationalism, new weapons, need raw goods, need market for goods, Social Darwinism, white man’s burden, missionary, ethnic divisions in colonies

Imperialism Exploration made possible by drugs preventing spread of disease, steam engine Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference European countries ability to claim and control African countries; only countries not conquered Ethiopia and Liberia Lines drawn by Europeans make difficult for some to have enough resources and create problems of ethnic strife

Imperialism Middle East: mostly economic imperialism India British East India Company control Sepoy Rebellion- Indian troops revolt b/c of meat cartridges, force British military to come in Becomes British colony Produce cotton, other products; provides good market b/c so many people Indian National Congress: mostly Hindus; goal to promote political unity and appoint more Indians to positions in British gov’t All-India Muslim League: nationalist group for Muslims

Open Door Policy (U.S. suggestion) European sphere of influence Japan China Opium Wars- British try to find something to trade with them so bring in opium; Chinese not industrialized, behind in military technology Treaty of Nanjing 1842 Extraterritorial rights: exempt from Chinese laws at 5 ports Br. Control Hong Kong Open Door Policy (U.S. suggestion) China’s ‘doors’ be open to merchants from all nations European sphere of influence Japan Commodore Perry ‘requests’ trade w/ Japan Japan industrializes, imperializes China; Korea becomes colony Meiji Restoration: ‘enlightened rule’; reforms fashioned after West

American Imperialism Monroe Doctrine – U.S. declared Americas (N/S) not open to imperialism; backed by British Panama Canal 1914- U.S. built, controlled; so have easy access to both coasts Spanish-American War- America mad at Spanish involvement in Cuba; we win; gain Spanish colonies Economic imperialism in China, Pacific: military bases

Political Concepts of 19th Century: Political Ideology Conservatism: believe in monarchy, preserving traditions Liberalism: Enlightenment principles, constitutions, individual rights Radicalism: socialism, etc need radical change Communism Nationalism Loyalty to the nation not a ruler Self determination

Social Aspects of 19th Century Cult of domesticity: women’s responsibility at home Separate spheres: men’s sphere: the outside world women’s sphere: the home Rise of the middle class

Revolutions America 1776- Enlightenment, democracy, educated elite, Declaration of Independence (1776); Articles of Confederation (1781); Constitution (1789) French, 1789- Three Estates; Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen; bloody/guillotine, radical, reject church, class hierarchies– led to Napoleon Haiti, 1800s- French busy, influenced by Am and France, slave revolt, 1st place where ALL men completely equal

Revolutions Mexico, 1910- church contributed, Creole elite uprising, civil war, create republic, eventually peasants able to overcome elite China, 1911- upset by foreign influence, series of minor uprisings, nationalist movement, republic created; Last Chinese dynasty (Qing) ends Russia, 1917- civil war, communist revolution led by Lenin, try to quickly industrialize, spurred by WWI, agriculture collectivization