DNA & RNA Unit 7 Chapter 12

Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid

Where does DNA “live”? The NUCLEUS!

Why is DNA so Important? * DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information used in the development and functioning of all living things and some viruses. * DNA is like blueprints, instructions, or a code for making proteins * DNA’s codes are converted/changed into messages (mRNA) for ribosomes to read and then make proteins. * Proteins do most of the hard work of keeping us alive

What are the parts of DNA? 2 Strands called: Double Helix The “Backbone” Has 2 Parts * D = Deoxyribose (SUGAR) P = Phosphate

What are the parts of DNA? “Rungs” * The Nitrogen Bases A - T C - G A = Adenine T = Thymine C = Cytosine G = Guanine

How to remember Nitrogen Bonds: A bonds with T Think: A T & T phone company

How to remember Nitrogen Bonds: C bonds with G Think: Half circles

These are 2 examples of nucleic acids: Clicker Question #1 These are 2 examples of nucleic acids: A. Chloroplasts & Mitochondria B. Carbohydrates & Lipids C. DNA & RNA D. Nucleus & Ribosomes

DNA holds the instructions for making: Clicker Question #2 DNA holds the instructions for making: A. Energy B. Proteins C. Carbon dioxide D. Deoxyribose

If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then: Clicker Question #3 If 20% of a DNA’s strand contains Thymine, then: A. it also has 80% Guanine B. it also has 50% Cytosine C. it also has 80% Adenine D. it also has 20% Adenine

What type of sugar is found in DNA? Clicker Question #4 What type of sugar is found in DNA? A. Phosphorous B. Thymine C. Ribose D. Deoxyribose

A. DNA B. mRNA C. tRNA D. ATP Clicker Question #5 The DNA’s code is converted into _____ so it can be sent to ribosomes to make the proteins. A. DNA B. mRNA C. tRNA D. ATP

What are the parts of DNA? * Nucleotides: 1 Sugar 1 Phosphate 1 Nitrogen Base

ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG Lets Practice: What are the complementary nitrogen bases in this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG TAA GCA ATA GCA GAC TTT TGC Yes! We made DNA! What did we just do?

DNA Replication NUCLEUS Happens during….Synthesis Phase of INTERPHASE. Where in the cell does DNA Replication happen? NUCLEUS

Steps of DNA Replication In the Nucleus… An enzyme unzips and unwinds the DNA double-helix

Steps of DNA Replication Another Enzyme pairs up DNA Nucleotides floating around in the nucleus onto the old DNA strands.

Steps of DNA Replication When the DNA strands are copied – each DNA winds back up into a double helix. Each new double helix strand contains 1 strand from the original DNA and 1 strand of new the DNA THIS IS CALLED SEMI-CONSERVATIVE REPLICATION.

Result of DNA Replication 2 new pieces of DNA Each piece of DNA has 1 strand of the old DNA and 1 strand of the new DNA. This is called “Semiconservative Replication.”

After DNA Replication… The copied DNA strands condense into CHROMOSOMES at the beginning of MITOSIS – during Prophase.

Why is mRNA Important? * mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus * DNA is too big and CAN’T leave the nucleus…it must send messages * mRNA is created by DNA in the nucleus * mRNA contains the messages from the DNA and are sent to ribosomes for them to read the instructions for making proteins

What are the parts of RNA? * RNA is Made of: Ribose (SUGAR) Phosphate (same as DNA) Nitrogen Bases (A,U, C, G) Just Like DNA, RNA has: Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base BUT….. First: Notice that RNA has 1 Strand! U stands for Uracil…. a different nitrogen base NO THYMINE in RNA!!

A bonds with U C bonds with G RNA Nitrogen Bases: A bonds with U THYMINE in RNA!! C bonds with G

What 3 things make up a nucleotide? Clicker Question #6 What 3 things make up a nucleotide? A. Nucleus, DNA, & RNA B. Adenine, Thymine, & Cytosine C. Sugar, Phosphate, & a Nitrogen base D. Chromosomes, Genes, & DNA

A. In the nucleus B. In the cytoplasm C. In the mitochondria Clicker Question #7 Where is mRNA made? A. In the nucleus B. In the cytoplasm C. In the mitochondria D. In the ribosomes

What type of sugar does RNA have? Clicker Question #8 What type of sugar does RNA have? A. Deoxyribose B. Carbohydrate C. Ribonucleic acid D. Ribose

Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not have? Clicker Question #9 Which of the following nitrogen bases does RNA not have? A. Uracil B. Thymine C. Adenine D. Cytosine

If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then Clicker Question #10 If a strand of DNA contains 40% of Cytosine, then A. it also contains 40% Guanine B. it also contains 60% Thymine C. it also contains 40% Cytosine D. it also contains 60% Guanine

How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein? * There are 2 major steps in this process * First: Transcription * Second: Translation

How does DNA tell the cell to make a specific kind of protein? Transcription : Process in which mRNA is synthesized from the DNA template. HINT: *** Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA.*** * mRNA: (messenger RNA) holds the recipe for making proteins

How does Transcription work? * QUESTION…have you been to court? * There is a person typing what is said and is creating a “court transcript”…which is really a code…shortened version…and later the transcript is translated into all the words that were said for a record. SHORTENED CODE = mRNA

Transcription Video….

Lets Practice: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ATT CGT TAT CGT CTG AAA ACG UAA GCA AUA GCA GAC UUU UGC This is mRNA! We just transcribed DNA into mRNA!

What does mRNA do? Clicker Question #11 A. It carries the instructions from DNA to ribosomes to make proteins B. It carries instructions from the ribosomes to the nucleus to make DNA C. It carries the instructions from the nucleus to the mitochondria to make energy D. It carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to make energy

What is transcription? A. The process of making energy Clicker Question #12 What is transcription? A. The process of making energy B. The process of making proteins C. The process of making DNA D. The process of making mRNA

We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA Lets Practice This Again: Create a RNA strand using this sequence of DNA? ACA CGA TTA CGG ATA CGC ATC UGU GCU AAU GCC UAU GCG UAG Now what? YES! We transcribed/made mRNA from DNA What did we just do?

ACG ATA CGG CTT Now What?...Translation! Translation: Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled/made. Words to know: * Codon: 3 base code in DNA or RNA * Amino Acid: Compounds joined by peptide bonds to build proteins ACG ATA CGG CTT There are 20 different Amino Acids. * Ribosome: “Reads” mRNA recipes so it can synthesize/make proteins Different combination of Amino Acids make different kinds of proteins.

Now What?...Translation! More Words to know: * tRNA: (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome tRNA Amino Acid * Anticodon: Nitrogen bases that can pair that corresponds with the codons on the mRNA Anticodon

LABEL your Picture tRNA Codon Amino Acid Anticodon Peptide chain/ Protein Chain tRNA Amino Acid Anticodon Ribosome Codon

Translation Video...

Link to Transcription Animation Click Here

Where does translation occur? Clicker Question #13 Where does translation occur? A. In the nucleus B. In the mitochondria C. In the DNA D. In the ribosome

What is made during translation? Clicker Question #14 What is made during translation? A. DNA B. mRNA C. Protein D. Energy

What is another name for polypeptide chain? Clicker Question #15 What is another name for polypeptide chain? A. Protein chain B. Carbohydrate chain C. Lipid chain D. Nucleic acid

Translating mRNA codes into amino acids to create polypeptid chains (protein chains) #1. AUG GCA UCC UGA Methionine, Alanine, Serine, Stop #2. AUG CCC GGU UAG Methionine, Proline, Glycine, Stop #3. AUG AAG GUG UGA Methionine, Lysine, Valine, Stop

What is the amino acid for the following codons? AAU Asparagine (Asn) GUG Valine (Val) UGG Tryptophan (Trp)

How can knowing amino acid sequences in organisms help biologists? We can use the sequences to see how organisms are related! Which of the following two organisms are MOST closely related? Fish Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Arginine, Isoleucine, Glycine, Serine Lizard Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Tyrosine Frog Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Leuicine, Lysine, Lysine Bird Sequence: Methionine, Isoleucine, Serine, Glycine, Alanine, Valine

The end… For now…

DNA Mutations & Technology

What are genetic mutations? Mutation: Permanent change in a cell’s DNA, ranging from changes in a single base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes. Causes of mutations include: * Viruses * Radiation * Chemicals * Errors during mitosis and meiosis and DNA Synthesis Words to Know Mutagen – something that causes a mutation Agent Orange, DEET Carcinogen – something that causes cancer Tobacco, uv radiation

Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing. Are mutations harmful? Some mutations are harmful, some are beneficial, and some do nothing. Harmful example: - Some mutations cause cancer & genetic disorders

Are mutations harmful? Helpful example: - Sickle cell anemia prevents malaria

Are mutations harmful? Not harmful or helpful: - Peppered moths come in dark or light colors

Types of Mutations DNA Mutations – happen during DNA Replication Chromosomal Mutations – happen during MITOSIS and MEIOSIS

Types of Mutations DNA Mutations – all occur during replication Insertion – a base pair is added – Frameshift Deletion – a base pair is eliminated – Frameshift Substitution – one base pair for another – POINT called a point because the entire DNA sequence is NOT affected

What a mutation looks like…

Which type of mutations are below? THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAT ATE THE HAT THE FAT TCA TAT ETH ERA T THE FTC ATA TET HER AT

Types of Mutations Chromosomal Mutations – parts of the chromosome get moved around Insertion – one piece of a chromosome is inserted onto another chromosome Inversion – order is reversed and flipped Translocation – section of chromosome is moved Duplication – section is copied Deletion – section is eliminated

What are some types of mutations? 1. Insertion

What are some types of mutations? 2. Deletion

What are some types of mutations? 3. Translocation

What are some types of mutations? 4. Duplication

What are some types of mutations? 4. Inversion

DNA Technology – uses in agriculture, medicine and crime-solving

How has technology changed DNA? Genetic Engineering: Technology used to manipulate an organism’s DNA by inserting the DNA of another organism. Transgenic Organism: Organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism.

How has technology changed DNA? Gel Electrophoresis: Process that involves using electric current to separate certain biological molecules by size. We use this to see DNA fragments to create a DNA fingerprint DNA fingerprints have 2 major uses: Solve crimes Figuring out “who’s the baby’s daddy”

Which of the following are his/her parents? DNA Fingerprinting Who did it? Which of the following are his/her parents?

What is the human genome? Genome: Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism The Human Genome Project: * Began in 1990 and completed in 2003 * Found that we have 3 BILLION chemical base pairs * Used to understand genetic disorders and to them

“Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal What is cloning? Cloning: Process in which large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules are produced. “Dolly” the sheep was the first cloned animal

Stem Cells Gene Therapy Cells that do not have a function yet Stem cells are found in developing fetuses and bone marrow Thought is to use stem cells to cure cancers and diseases Storing stem cells – good or bad? Bacteria and viruses are used to insert good GENES into sick people Hopes that the GOOD genes will start working correctly and disable the BAD gene.