1. DNA

2. Traits
A physical feature, or characteristic, a living thing can pass on to its young.
Ex. Blood type, Eye color, Hair color, Facial features, and your body build…

3. Genes Coded info that determines traits.
A region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic.

4. Chromosomes
carries the genes that control traits.

5. DNA Deoxyribo Nucleic acid

6. Structure of DNA
Double Helix

7. What are the building blocks?
Nucleotides – joined by strong covalent bonds
Nucleotides composed of:
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose – 5 carbon sugar
One of four Nitrogenous bases
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

8. Base Pairing Rules
Adenine = Thymine
Guanine = Cytosine

9. Functions of DNA Replication – DNA makes DNA
Transcription – DNA makes RNA
Translation – RNA makes Proteins

10. DNA Replication The helix unwinds
DNA unzips - nucleotides separate as hydrogen bonds break
Free nucleotides base pair with both nucleotide chains
2 identical DNA molecules result

11. DNA Replication                               

12. Leading Strand – continuous replication
Lagging strand – discontinuous replication

13. figure 11-07b.jpg

14. Semi Conservative Replication
Each old DNA strand gets a new strand

15. DNA vs. RNA

16. DNA
VS.
RNA
Deoxyribose
Sugar
Ribose 2
Strands 1
A, T, C, G
Bases
A, U, C, G

17. Transcription DNA unwinds and unzips.
RNA nucleotides base pair with the DNA master strand
Uracil bonds with Adenine
Cytosine with Guanine.
RNA strand separates and moves to the cytoplasm
DNA zips back up

19. Reverse Transcription
HIV – retrovirus
Makes DNA replica of its own RNA
Viral DNA joins normal DNA of host
Directs production of new virus particles

20. RetroTranscription.jpg‎ (

21. 3 Types of RNA mRNA – messenger RNA tRNA – transfer RNA
rRNA – ribosomal RNA

22. mRNA Messenger RNA – single strand coded from the DNA master strand.
Contains a three base sequence – codon
Codon – codes for a specific amino acid

23. tRNA Transfer RNA – contains sequence of three bases – anticodon
anticodon – which carry a specific amino acid to the mRNA

24. rRNA
Ribosomal RNA – located in the ribosomes

25. Translation The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. mRNA contains codons
(3 nucleotides that code for 1 amino acid)
The tRNA contain three opposite letters called the anticodon.
tRNA carries an amino acid at the other end.
Anti codons base pair with codons
Amino Acids covalently bonded to each other
tRNA is released to get more Amino Acids

26. .
                                                                                                                                        

27. Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine Tyrosine Tyrosine
UUU UUC UUA UUG
Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine
UAU UAC
Tyrosine Tyrosine
UAA UAG
None (stop signal) None (stop signal)
CUU CUC CUA CUG
Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine
CAU CAC
Histidine Histidine
CAA CAG
Glutamine Glutamine
AUU AUC AUA AUG
Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Methioninie (start codon)
AAU AAC
Asparagine Asparagine
AAA AAG
Lysine Lysine
GUU GUC GUA GUG
Valine Valine Valine Valine
GAU GAC GAA GAG
Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid
UCU UCC UCA UCG
Serine Serine Serine Serine
UGU UGC
Cysteine Cysteine
UGA
None (stop signal)
UGG
Tryptophan
CCU CCC CCA CCG
Proline Proline Proline Proline
CGU CGC CGA CGG
Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine
ACU ACC ACA ACG
Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine
AGU AGC
Serine Serine
AGA AGG
Arginine Arginine
GCU GCC GCA GCG
Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine
GGU GGC GGA GGG
Gylcine Gylcine Gylcine Gylcine

28. Central Dogma DNA --------------------RNA ------------------Protein transcription translation