1. Protein Synthesis
1/19/2016

2. Review DNA STructgure

3. DNA Structure What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid
Shape?
Double Helix
Two strands wrapped together
Backbone
Sugar (Deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Rungs  steps
Nucleotide bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
ATTACGGCGATC
TAATGCCGCTAG

4. Genetics - parts Smallest -- largest Nucleotide bases Gene DNA
Chromosomes
Nucleus
Cell
Tissue
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism

5. Replication DNA copies it self Many processes! Steps:
Enzymes unzips DNA
Enzymes bring in Nucleotide bases pairs (base pairing – A-T and C-G)
Enzymes bring in sugar-phosphate backbone
Start with 1 DNA  get 2 identical DNA
Unless mutation

6. Transcription Nucleus Ribosomes Cytoplasm Uracil Ribosomes
The information for making proteins is found in the but proteins are made in the .
Thymine is broken down in .
How is the information brought to the ?
DNA “transcribed” in to M-RNA.
DNA unzips
Strands transcribed with base pairing (but instead of Thymine, is formed)
M-RNA leaves nucleus and goes to Ribosome
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Uracil
Ribosomes

7. DNA VS. RNA DNA RNA Deoxyribose Nucleic acid 2 strands
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Bases: Adenine-Thymine, Guanine- Cytosine
Travels in Nucleus
Types: nuclear (found in nucleus), mitochondrial (found in michondria)
Ribose Nucleic acid
1 strands
Sugar: Ribose
Bases: Adenine-Uracil, Guanine-Cytosine
Travels through cell: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Ribosome
Types: M-RNA (messenger), T-RNA (Transfer), R-RNA (ribosomal)

8. Translation T-RNA (more then one) codons codons anticodons anticodons
M-RNA is “translated” into
Steps:
M-RNA is made of a series of (3 nucleotide bases)
The is transcribed into its that is called T-RNA
T-RNA takes the info and makes/grabs/finds an
The T-RNA takes this and attaches it to a chain. This occurs until the T-RNA comes to a
Protein leaves the cell and gives us a
codons
codons
anticodons
anticodons
Amino acid
Amino acid
Polypeptide chain
Stop codon
Trait

10. Protein Synthesis
DNA
Nucleus
M-RNA
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Codon
Anti-Codon
T-RNA
Amino Acid
Protein
Trait
Add a caption to your coloring form yesterday, describing what is happening.
Make sure to use these words:

11. Protein Synthesis practice
DNA sequence:
GACAAGTCCACAATC
Please give the following:
M-RNA sequence:
T-RNA anticodons
Amino Acids
Protein Chain
M-RNA sequence:
CUGUUCAGGUGUUAG
T-RNA anticodons/Amino Acids
GAC = Asparate
AAG = Lysine
UCC = Serine
ACA = Threonine
AUC = Isoleucine
…Aspertate – Lysine – Serine – Threonine – Isoelucine…

12. MUTATIONS Chromosomes lined up wrong…not pulled equally
Meiosis (gamete form)
Mitosis (body cells)
Chromosomal: partial or whole
Nondisjunction (less)
Polyploidy (more)
Gene: change in NB
Point (1 NB)
Frame shift (1+ NB)
Deleted
Duplicated
Translocated/inserted
Random
Specific Causes
Inherited:
General Mendelian
Sex-linked
Insertion
Deletion
Substitution
Duplication
DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation
Protein(s) not being made properly (or not made at all)

13. Are all Mutations bad? Learn Genetics! Mutations are either:
Beneficial
Individual – survives
Population - adapts
Variance/diversity  not diverse, species become….
EXTINCT!
Neutral
No affect on individual nor population
Harmful
Negative affect on individual
Does NOT affect population
Learn Genetics!

14. Protein Synthesis Mutation
T-RNA: GGU AGA UCA AAA UGA
Protein Chain: …-Glycine-Arginine-Serine- Lysine-Stop
DNA: GGTAGATCAAAATGA
Mutated Protein:
M-RNA: CCAUCUGUUUUACU
T-RNA: GGU AGA CAA AAU GA_
…-Glycine-Arginine-Glutamine-Asparagine-…
M-RNA sequence:
CCAUCUAGUUUUACU
Please give the following
T-RNA anticodons:
Protein Chain:
DNA sequence:
Lets say during transcription there was a deletion of the 2nd A within the M-RNA, how would this effect the protein chain? What type of mutation is this?