Electrolytes Acids Bases Cut along the dotted lines then fold Substances that release ions in water Electrolytes Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H+) in water Acids Bases Electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-)

Midpoint of the pH scale Cut along the dotted lines then fold Measures hydrogen ion concentration pH Midpoint of the pH scale 7.0 Optimal pH for an animal 7.4

Examples of metabolic processes Cut along the dotted lines then fold Inorganic substances These substances usually dissociate in water to release ions. They are electrolytes. These substances do not release ions when they dissolve in water. They are nonelectrolytes. These type of compounds are more likely to dissolve in organic liquids (ex: ether, alcohol) Organic substances Examples of metabolic processes Transport of substances into and out of cells Muscle contraction Nerve impulse conduction

Four groups of organic substances Cut along the dotted lines then fold Salt An electrolyte composed of oppositely charged ions Four groups of organic substances Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates These organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They supply much of the energy for cells.

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Cut along the dotted lines then fold These simple carbohydrates are 6-carbon sugars that include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars) Disaccharides (Double sugars) These complex carbohydrates are composed of several simple sugars. They include sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides (Double sugars) These complex carbohydrates are composed of many simple sugars. One example is plant starch.

Lipids Fats Unsaturated Fat Cut along the dotted lines then fold These organic substances are insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents. They include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids These lipids are used primarily to store energy for cellular activities. A single molecule of this type is composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Fats A fat that contains one or more double bonds between its carbon atoms Unsaturated Fat

Saturated Fat Phospholipids Steroids Cut along the dotted lines then fold Saturated Fat A fat that contains no double bonds between its carbon atoms Lipids used as structural components in cell membranes. They are abundant in the liver and parts of the nervous system. Each molecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids. Phospholipids Complex lipids that include carbon rings. One example is cholesterol which is used to synthesize other steroids. Steroids

Reasons why hydrogen bonds in a protein break Cut along the dotted lines then fold These organic substances are used as structural materials, energy sources, and hormones. Their building blocks are amino acids. Proteins Amino acids joined together in a string with lengths varying from less than 100 to more than 5,000 Polypeptide Chain Reasons why hydrogen bonds in a protein break Excessive heat Radiation Electricity pH changes Various chemicals

Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Cut along the dotted lines then fold Primary Structure The structure of a protein in a simple polypeptide chain Secondary Structure The structure of a protein as it pleats or twists to form a coil The structure of a protein as the pleated and coiled polypeptide chain folds into a unique 3D structure Tertiary Structure

Cut along the dotted lines then fold The structure of a protein when two or more polypeptide chains are connected to form a single protein molecule Quaternary Structure A large, complex organic substance composed of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that form nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: Nucleic Acids 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group One nitrogenous base This organic substance (usually a single polynucleotide chain) controls access to genes and carries out protein synthesis Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Deoxyribonucleic Acids Cut along the dotted lines then fold Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) This organic substance (usually a double polynucleotide chain) stores information in a code and synthesizes protein molecules