Classification of Living Things old school

______________ = the total of all the living things in an ecosystem REMEMBER… BIODIVERSITY ______________ = the total of all the living things in an ecosystem ___________ = population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with each other SPECIES

Biologists have identified and named over______________ species so far. Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered 1.5 million

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms TAXONOMY

A good classification system: Uses names that are _________ Can ________ as new data is discovered Shows _____________ of organisms UNIQUE CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS

Common names can vary Example: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar . . . are all names for same animal By using a universally accepted scientific name, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism

Common names vary Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish)

Common names can be misleading Ex: A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, but a seaHORSE is! Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!

Common names can be misleading In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. http://www.camacdonald.com/birding/HoodedVulture(HM).jpg

Carolus Linnaeus creates BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE two part scientific name Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of different levels or TAXONS based on similar characteristics

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dear King Philip Came Over From Germany Sunday Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) GENUS NAME 1st name = _______________ Always capitalized SPECIES NAME 2nd name = _________________ Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. Example: black bear scientific name is Ursus americanis or Ursus americanis. (genus) (species) UNDERLINED ITALICS

GENUS = group of closely related species (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear GENUS = Ursus Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis

Binomial Nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

CLADOGRAM - a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. - based on PHYLOGENY, or the study of evolutionary relationships. - CLADISTICS: analysis that looks at newer features in organisms that serve some kind of purpose. These features appear in later organisms and are called DERIVED CHARACTERS.

Derived character

Kingdoms & Domains

3 DOMAINS 6 KINGDOMS Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Bacteria Archaea Eukarya 3 DOMAINS 6 KINGDOMS

6 Kingdom System Plantae Animalia Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi True Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia True bacteria Amoeba Euglena Giant kelp Slime mold Mushrooms yeast Green plants animals Ancient bacteria Live in harsh places http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078617022/164213/00044691.html

DOMAIN: ARCHAEA KINGDOM: ARCHAEBACTERIA PROKARYOTES _____________ Have cell walls _________ peptidoglycan Can be ___________ or ______________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ LIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS like volcanic hot springs, brine pools, low oxygen UNICELLULAR WITHOUT AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS Halophiles; thermophiles

DOMAIN: BACTERIA KINGDOM: EUBACTERIA ______________________ Have cell walls with _______________ Can be ___________ or ______________ EXAMPLES: _____________________ PROKARYOTES UNICELLULAR PEPTIDOGLYCAN AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS E. coli, Streptococcus

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PROTISTA ______________ __________________ Some have cell walls with ________________ ______________________ Can be _____________ or _______________ EXAMPLES: __________________________ EUKARYOTES Most UNICELLULAR; some colonial/multi CELLULOSE Some have chloroplasts AUTOTROPHS HETEROTROPHS amoeba; paramecium; giant kelp; slime mold

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: FUNGI ____________ _________________________________ Have cell walls with __________ _______________ EXAMPLES: ______________ EUKARYOTES Most MULTICELLULAR; few UNICELLULAR CHITIN HETEROTROPHS- absorb nutrients from decaying organic matter mushrooms, yeast

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: PLANTAE _______________ Have cell walls with ____________ and _____________ _____________ EXAMPLES: ____________________ EUKARYOTES MULTICELLULAR CELLULOSE CHLOROPLASTS AUTOTROPHS mosses, ferns, trees, flowering plants

DOMAIN: EUKARYA KINGDOM: ANIMALIA _______________ _______________ or CHLOROPLASTS __________________ EXAMPLES: _______________________ EUKARYOTES MULTICELLULAR NO CELL WALLS HETEROTROPHS worms, insects, fish, birds, mammals, humans

Classification of Living Things Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria ____________ Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Cell walls without peptidoglycan _____________ Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular __________________________ Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi ______________________ Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Plantae Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts ___________ Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia No cell walls or chloroplasts Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Eukarya Classification of Living Things Eubacteria Cell walls of chitin Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Autotroph or Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph