What did Reconstruction Achieve? 13th Amendment: No Slavery 14th Amendment: African-American Citizenship 15th Amendment: Equal treatment under law Freedmen’s Bureau: Help Freedmen transition to freedom

5. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

6.”Colored Rule” in the South? Freedmen… voted in large numbers hold local and state office help write new state constitutions

7. Black Senate & House Delegates

Reasons Reconstruction Ended

***What will be the impact on voting in the South?? Reason 1: Amnesty Act of 1872: All white Southern ex-Confederates can vote and hold public office. ***What will be the impact on voting in the South?? A White Southern Democrat holding his nose as African Americans go to vote

Reason 2: Grant Administration Scandals General Grant becomes President Grant. His administration Is remembered as one 0f the most corrupt in U.S. history. Credit Mobilier Scandal. Whiskey Ring. The “Indian Ring.”

Reason 3: The Panic of 1873 The U.S. economy crashes. Many banks close Many people lose their jobs People stop worrying about national problems, like Reconstruction, and start worrying about problems in everyday life.

Reason 4: Compromise of 1876 Southern Democrats and Northern Republicans tie the Presidential Election, so they compromise. North: Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President (Republican) South: Federal troops leave South & Reconstruction Ends

Reason 5: Redemption Governments After the Compromise of 1876, federal troops were withdrawn from the South Southern Redemption: White Supremacist governments of ex-Confederates elected with a pledge to restore the South to its pre-war glory.

What happened when Reconstruction ended?

1. Restricting the Rights of African Americans Poll Tax: Voters have to pay a fee when they show up to vote at the polls Most blacks could not afford the tax

Literacy Tests and the Grandfather Clause This required voters to read and explain a section of the Constitution The Catch: Most blacks at the time could not read, and so they failed the test Grandfather Clause: If a person’s father or grandfather was eligible to vote on January 1st, 1867, the voter did not have to take the Literacy Test The Catch: No blacks could vote before 1868

2. Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1892 This Supreme Court case determined that separating blacks and whites was legal, as long as the facilities were equal “Separate but Equal” Segregation: Dividing public areas by race.

3. Jim Crow Laws Segregation laws passed by Southern states that separated blacks and whites in schools, restaurants, theatres, trains, street cars, playgrounds, hospitals, and cemeteries (On left) A racist depiction of blacks dancing through a field

4. Sharecropping

Share Cropping System Landowner Sharecropper Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt. Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

5. Black & White Political Participation