History of Navigation Aerospace Engineering © 2011 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

Navigation History Observation Observe fixed objects around us Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Navigation History Observation Observe fixed objects around us One drives toward a mountain or building close to a destination Setting sun indicates westerly direction What direction does the sun set in Australia? The sun sets to the west in Australia. It is the same direction in the northern and southern hemisphere.

Navigation History Maps Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Navigation History Maps Objects are plotted on paper to represent the earth’s surface as seen from above Imaginary lines, latitude and longitude, make a grid to describe where something is located Latitude lines run east-west and measure north-south Longitude lines run north-south and measure east-west More detailed information available at http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/magnetism/magnetism.html Lines of Latitude Lines of Longitude

Earth’s Magnetic Field Navigation History Compass Magnetized piece of iron aligns to earth’s magnetic field Magnet points to magnetic north Magnetic north is not the same as true north Aligns with Magnetic Iron Bar Earth’s Magnetic Field

Navigation History Ocean Passage Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Navigation History Ocean Passage Dead reckoning using time and velocity Sextant measures angular altitude of star above horizon Walker log dragged behind boat to indicate speed in knots (nautical miles per hour) A variety of explanations exist for the term dead reckoning. Some claim it is of Portuguese origin and started as deduced reckoning. Some claim it means that if dead reckoning is done poorly, then it will result in one becoming dead. Others claim that it is derived from the term dead to mean accurate such as dead center, dead on, and dead right.

Navigation History Early pilots navigated by sight Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Navigation History Early pilots navigated by sight Routes set up as a chain of visual towers Requires line of sight from aircraft to tower Clouds, haze, dust, etc. obscure vision http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Slatlong.htm Chain of Towers

Navigation History Radio Navigation LORAN-C LOng RAnge Navigation NDB Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name Navigation History Radio Navigation LORAN-C LOng RAnge Navigation NDB Non-Directional Beacon ILS Instrument Landing System VOR Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range GPS Global Positioning System This content is designed to introduce Radio Navigation topics. More detail will be provided in subsequent PowerPoint files.

LORAN – Long Range Navigation Presentation Name Course Name Unit # – Lesson #.# – Lesson Name LORAN – Long Range Navigation LOng RAnge Navigation LORAN-C is no longer used Was designed for maritime navigation Was a supplement to aerial navigation

NDB – Non Directional Beacon Measures clockwise angle between airplane longitudinal direction (airplane pointing) and NDB Oldest electronic navigation still used Can be used at lower altitude than VOR Aircraft instrument: Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

VOR - Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range Shows aircraft’s position relative to VOR radial Very commonly used in aircraft

ILS – Instrument Landing System Navigation aid to guide aircraft to runway

GPS – Global Positioning System U.S. space-based radio-navigation system Provides three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus time Components Satellites orbiting Earth Control and monitoring stations on Earth GPS receivers owned by users

References Bartlett, T. (2009). The book of navigation. New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing. Federal Aviation Administration (2009). Retrieved August 25, 2009, from http://www.faa.gov/ iStockphoto. Retrieved from http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-5975040-woman-using-a-gps.php Munns, H. (1991). Unlocking the chart’s secrets. In Cruising fundamentals (p 81). Marina Del Ray, CA: American Sailing Association and International Marine.

References National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009). Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/ National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (2009). Retrieved from http://pnt.gov/ National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Coordination Office (2009). Global Positioning System Retrieved from http://www.gps.gov/

References Jeppesen (2007). Navigation (2007). In Jeppesen Private pilot: Guided flight discovery (pp. 9-20 – 9-46). Englewood, CO: Jeppesen United States Coast Guard (2009). LORAN-C general information. Retrieved from http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/loran/