1. Primitive and Modern approaches
Travel and Navigation
Primitive and Modern approaches

2. Deciding to Travel When…
You know where you are and where you are going
Nobody is going to be looking for you
and
You possess the skills to navigate safely

3. What is a map? A 2D representation of a 3D surface
How can a map be useful?
What do you need to know about a map before it can help you?
What type of map is most useful to us?
How do I get better at using a map?

4. Maps Many different types of maps
Most useful map for hiking is the topographical map

5. Latitude and Longitude

6. Lat and Long cont. Latitude lines run east/west
Longitude lines run north/south
Equator marks 0 degrees latitude
NP and SP are 90 degrees latitude
Prime Meridian is 0 degrees of longitude and passes through Greenwich, England

7. Topographical Maps
Includes contour lines which represent equal points of elevation
When you follow a line crossing contour lines you will be either climbing or descending

8. Parts of a Topo Map Date of revision - probably most important
The course of a river channel may change fairly rapidly as a result of flooding, landslides may alter topography significantly, roads are added or go out of use, etc. Because of these changes, it is important to have a fairly recent (or recently updated) topographic map to ensure accuracy. On most topographic maps, the date of the initial publication will be shown, along with the most recent revision of the map.

9. More parts to a map… Legend or Key Scale Neatline Title Color
Compass Rose

10. Topo Maps 1:24,00 is a common useful scale on a map
1 inch equals 24,000 inches
1:64,000 where 1 inch is about equal to 1 mile

11. Topographical Features
USGS Website…

12. Topo Map Excercise What is the Map name and Number
What are the adjoining maps?
What is the highest elevation? Lowest elevation?
What is the contour interval of this map?
What is the latitude and longitude ranges of this map
Scale?
Find a trail of some sort. How long is it?
Describe how to get to a park from a major highway.
What is the name of the largest body of water?
How long is the longest river?
Where (Lat-Long) is the largest man-made structure on your map?

13. Cardinal Directions North = 0 degrees East = 90 degrees
South = 180 degrees
West = 270 degrees

14. Compass Rose (Drawing)

15. Compass Part Identification

16. More Compass… A compass points towards magnetic north not true north
What is the difference?
Why should you know the difference?
What is this difference called?
Is this difference the same everywhere?

17. Difference between NP and MNP

18. Declination
The angle difference between true north and magnetic north in degrees east or west

19. How to take a bearing
Point “Direction of Travel Arrow” at point you wish go
Spin “Azimuth ring” until “Orienting Arrow” and “Magnetic Needle” line up
Read number or direction on “Azimuth Ring”
That is your bearing

20. Primitive Navigation Navigation by the stars Sun Stick and Shadow
Watch
Nature

21. Navigation by stars – Big Dipper

22. Navigation by stars

23. Sun
Sun rises in East and sets in West
For the Northern Hemisphere, the sun stays in the Southern half of the sky throughout the day/year

24. Stick and Shadow

25. Using a Watch for direction
Point the hour hand at the sun, half way between 12 and the sun is South

26. Using Nature Good luck with that…
Moss sometimes grows on the North side of the tree…
Birds sometimes put their nests in Southeast side of trees

27. G.P.S. - Global Positioning System
The GPS is made up of three parts:
Satellites orbiting the Earth
Control and monitoring stations on Earth
The GPS receivers owned by users.
GPS satellites broadcast signals from space that are picked up and identified by GPS receivers.
Each GPS receiver then provides three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the time.