1. Navigation Latitude & Longitude

2. Reference
From the Ground Up Chapter 7.1: Latitude & Longitude Pages

3. Introduction
The earth is an oblate spheroid that needs a grid system to be navigable. Lines of latitude and longitude are used to determine points on the surface for navigation.
Pilots need to know these systems in order to fly from one point to another using various navigation methods.

4. Outline Navigation Types Latitude and Longitude Co-ordinates
Time and Longitude
Great Circles and Rhumb Lines
Headings, Bearings, Tracks
One-in-Sixty

5. Navigation Types Pilotage Dead Reckoning Radio Navigation
Referencing only the ground and landmarks
Dead Reckoning
Using predetermined vectors and tracks
Radio Navigation
Using radio aids
Inertial Navigation
Using self-contained airborne gyroscopic and electronic equipment to measure speed and direction
Satellite Navigation
Using satellites to triangulate position (GPS)
Celestial Navigation
Measuring angles to heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars)

6. Latitude Parallels of Latitude
Circles whose plane lie parallel to equator
Equator is great circle at 0°
Parallels run 90° north and south of equator

7. Latitude

8. Longitude Meridians of Longitude
Semi great circles joining true or magnetic poles (true/magnetic meridians)
Measured 0° to 180° east and west of prime meridian (0°)
International Date Line is 180°

9. Longitude

10. Co-ordinates
Locations on Earth can be located by a latitude and longitude intersection
Example:
Toronto, Canada = 43°39′N 79°23′W
Sydney, Australia = 33°51′S 151°12′E
Units:
Degrees (°), Minutes (’), Seconds (”)
1° = 60’
1’ = 60”

11. Co-ordinates

12. Time and Longitude Solar Day Conversions:
Interval between two successive transits of the sun
Divided into 24 hours
Sun travels 360° around earth, therefore 15° per hour
Conversions:
1 hour = 15 degrees longitude
1 min = 15 minutes longitude
1 sec = 15 seconds longitude
360 degrees longitude = 24 hours
1 degree longitude = 4 min
1 minute longitude = 4 sec
1 second longitude = 1/15 sec
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is time at prime meridian. Also known as Zulu (Z) time.

13. Time and Longitude

14. Great Circles
Circle on Earth’s surface whose plane passes through the center of the earth (“cuts” earth in half)
Great Circle Route (or Arc) is shortest distance between two points
Opposing meridians and Equator are great circles

15. Rhumb Line
Curved line on Earth’s surface cutting all meridians at the same angle
Parallels are rhumb lines

16. Headings and Bearings
Directions measured degrees clockwise from north (0° or 360°)
Heading
Direction aircraft nose (longitudinal axis) is pointing
True heading uses true north
Magnetic heading uses magnetic north

17. Headings and Bearings Bearing (AKA Azimuth)
Position of object relative to your aircraft
Measured clockwise from longitudinal axis through 360°
Not related to aircraft heading

18. Tracks Track (AKA Intended Track or Required Track) Track Made Good
Direction airplane intends to travel over ground
Drawn on map as straight line from point A to point B
Can be True, Magnetic or Compass Track
Track Made Good
Actual path traveled by airplane over ground
Drift Angle
Angle between airplane heading and track made good
Expressed as degree left/right

19. Tracks

20. One-in-Sixty
One-in-Sixty rule - An error in the track of one degree will cause an error in position of about one nautical mile in a distance of 60 nautical miles
8 NM
4 NM A
4 deg B
60 NM
60 NM

21. Next Lesson
5.2 – Navigation Earth’s Magnetism From the Ground Up Chapter 7.2: The Earth’s Magnetism Pages