“Sin writes histories, goodness is silent.” ~Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

- What are the major consequences of the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876) concerning its effects upon the history of South Dakota? (1) In response, in 1876 U.S. Government stops annuity and food payments at Pine Ridge and Rosebud Agencies, the “surrender or starve” policy. (2) U.S. stops negotiating for the Black Hills. (3) As further punishment, in 1879, Lakota children are some of the first children taken to Carlisle Indian School.

Ways in which the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 was violated … (1) Post-1874: Trespassing on Lakota lands (citizens) (2) 1875: President Grant stopped kicking settlers out of the Black Hills (3) 1876: U.S. Govt. ceased Lakotas right to Unceded Territory (4) 1876: The U.S. Government cut-off food and annuity payments to Lakota peoples or the “surrender or starve” policy. (5) 1877: Black Hills Cession (1877) The number of Lakota males that agreed to give up the Black Hills never reached the ¾ requirement.

- Why was the Black Hills Cession of 1877 later considered illegal by the U.S. Supreme Court (1980)? The Black Hills Cession violated the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868: (1) The number of Lakota males that agreed to give up the Black Hills never reached the ¾ requirement. (2) The U.S. Government cut-off food and annuity payments to Lakota people or the “surrender or starve” policy.

“A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable dealing will never, in all probability, be found in our history, [with] the duplicity of President Grant in breaching the Government’s obligations to keep trespassers out of the Black Hills and the pattern of duress practiced by the Government of starving the Sioux to get them to agree to the sale of the Black Hills.” - U.S. Claims Court, 1985

* U.S. Government vs. Sioux Nation (1980) Supreme Court decision declaring the Black Hills Cession illegal * “Bradley Bill” (1987) (or Sioux Nation Black Hills Act) Attempt by Congressman to return 1.3 million acres of the Black Hills to the Sioux Nation

Important Local Events: Read pages 364-365 … answering (1) Defining assimilation. (2) Dawes Act … (3) Further assimilation … - Traditional tribal feasts … - To further speed assimilation … 1874 – Custer Black Hills Expedition 1874-79 – Black Hills Gold Rush 1876 – Battle of the Little Bighorn 1877 – Black Hills Cession 1879 – American Indian Boarding School Movement (first Lakota children taken) 1883 – Court of Indian Offenses 1887 – Dawes Act 1889 – Sioux Act of 1889 1890 – Massacre at Wounded Knee

Assimilation * Assimilation – to be “absorbed into American society”; more adequately means being forced to adopt the dominant, American culture. (1860 – 1870’s) American Indian Boarding Schools (1883) Court of Indian Offenses (1887) Dawes Act

Assimilation Boarding Schools – Based upon the theory of “Kill the Indian, Save the Man” Cultural genocide Forbidden to speak Native languages & practice traditional practices The “Outing” program …

Read Handout, “Black Hills Cession, American Indian Boarding Schools, and Court of Indian Offenses” and answer questions …

Assimilation (1887) - Dawes Act – communal tribal lands divided into 160 acre allotments per family Two cows and yoke of oxen Farm tools $20 cash Seed for five acres for two years 40 Acres 40 Acres 160 Acre Allotments 40 Acres 40 Acres

Great Sioux Reservation of 1868

Sioux Act of 1889 – Creates six much smaller reservations in Western South Dakota with break-up of Great Sioux Reservation, including today’s … Pine Ridge Rosebud Cheyenne River Standing Rock Allotment of lands Excess lands opened for homesteading Loss of 9 million acres of land

Video, “Taken From My Home” * Complete the questions …

“Sin writes histories, goodness is silent.” ~Johann Wolfgang von Goethe