11.1: Byzantines The official language of Byzantium was Latin until 1700 CE when Emperor Heraclius, an emperor at the time, changed the language to Greek. The emperor would often bribe their enemies with riches to not attack their empire. From the time of the early Roman republic to the fall of the Byzantine empire, Roman rule had a major impact on Europe for nearly 2,000 years Today, the city of Constantinople is now referred to Istanbul and is the largest city-country of Turkey

11.1 Byzantine art is almost entirely focused on religion. Constantinople was attacked and plundered by crusaders during the fourth crusade. Emperor Justinian granted the rights of women to buy and own a land which was a big help to widows after their husbands had died. In 476 AD the western Roman Empire fell and the eastern Empires survive as what known today as the Byzantine Empire

11.1 Byzantium is said to be named after Byzas, the founder of the city. Byzantine ruler would often prefer mutilating their rivals over killing them by either blinding them or taking away their ability to reproduce. The Byzantine navy was the first navy in the ancient world to use “Greek fire”, a liquid that ignited when it touched seawater. The Byzantine empire fell after the death of Theodosius I, the last rule of Byzantium.

11.2: Russians Russians first unifined territories originated west of the Ural mountains in the region that runs from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea. Russian has 3 great rivers that helped its birth. The Dnieper, the Don, and the Volga River all run from the head of the black sea Russian legend says the slavs invited the viking chief Rurik to be their King. The primary Chronicle, a history of Russia written by monks in the early 1100s

In 957, kievan nobility paid a vist to constantinople and publicly converted to christianity. Her name was princess olga 945 to 955 her son resisted christianity but her grandson vladimir came to the throne about 980 Vladimir led the way in establishing kievs powers. He expanded his state into poland and north almost to the baltic sea In 1019, Vladimir’s son, Yaroslav the Wise, came to the throne and led Kevi to a greater glory

Yaroslav skillfully married off his daughters and sisters to kings and a Prince of western Europe. Yaroslav created a legal code that tailored to Kievs to commercial culture. In the middle of 1200, a group of horsemen from Central Asia slashed their way to Russia. The name of the Nomads were the Mongols. After their attack from the Mongols, Russia was divided into several smaller dukedoms.

11.3: Turks In Chinese records it mentions people called the Durko living west of their borders. The Durko may well have been the Turks. Abbasids noticed their military skills and began buying Turkish children to raise as slaves, train as soldiers, and employ as bodyguards. In the 10th century the Turks began converting to Islam and slowly migrating into the Abbasid Empire. Mamelukes or Turkish military slaves became a powerful force in the Abbasid Empire.

At some point the Abbasids were losing their power At some point the Abbasids were losing their power. This was when Turks migrated into the Abbasid Empire. One of the first of these migrating Turkish groups was known as the Seljuks. By the year 1000, the Seljuks had converted to the Sunni branch of Islam. Twenty years later, the Seljuk sultans marched on the Byzantine Empire. At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Turks crushed the Byzantines.

Many territories of the Abbasid empire, such as Spain and Morocco, broke away from the empire due to the power of the Mamelukes. The death of Malik Shah, a sultan, or a famous authority figure in the Seljuk empire, caused the start of the decline of the empire in 1092 CE. The Mongol army, led by Genghis Khan, proved to be a major threat to the Turkish empire, as it destroyed many areas of the empire. Pope Urban II tried to get Christians to drive the Turks out of Anatolia but failed.

Chapter 11 Quiz

Question 16 What group became a powerful force in the Abbasid Empire? A. Russians B. Mamelukes C. Mongols D. Turks

Question 17 What was the offical language of Byzantium until 1700 CE? A. Roman B. Arabic C. Mongolian D. Latin

Question 18 Which river did NOT help the birth of ancient Russia? A.Volga B.Yenisei C.Dnieper D.Don

Question 19 What was the main focus of Byzantium art? A. Military B. Economy C. Religion D. Royalty

Question 20 What name was given to Yaroslav, a ruler ancient Russia? A.Yaroslav the Wise B.Yaroslav the Clueless C.Almighty Ruler D.All Powerful Yaroslav

Works Cited ducksters.com listverse.com