Memory

Name the COLOR in which the words below are PRINTED as fast as you can.

Memory the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information.

Studying Memory Memory Models Encoding Storage Retrieval Parallel processing

Encoding: the processing of information into the memory systems – for example, by extracting meaning. Storage: the process of retaining encoded information over time. Retrieval: the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Parallel Processing: the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. Example – Walking into the lunchroom

Types of Memory

3 stage Theory of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory (1st) Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory

Sensory Memory the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. Iconic & Echoic Icons = Images – Very brief Echoes = Noises – Brief, but longer than icons

Short Term Memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten. Long Term Memory: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Working Memory Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working Memory

Working Memory

Effortful VS Automatic Processing Explicit memory (declarative memory) Effortful processing Implicit memory (non-declarative memory) Automatic processing

Explicit Memory memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” Also called declarative memory Encode these memories through effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Effortful Processing encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Implicit Memory Also called non-declarative memory retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called non-declarative memory These are procedural memories (riding a bike, tying shoes, ect)

Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Sensory Memory Iconic = momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second Icons = Images – Very brief Echoic = momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. Echos = Noises – Brief, but longerthan icons

Memory Processing & Storage

Types of Long Term Memories Episodic: Memories of events we have lived through Semantic: Same as Declarative, facts, figures, knowledge Procedural: Skills and Habits Classifying Memories: Explicit/Declarative vs Implicit/Non-Declarative Explicit /Declarative: Can consciously consider and retrieve – Episodic or Semantic Memories Implicit /Non-Declarative: Beyond conscious consideration include procedural memory and classical conditioning.

Capacity of Short-Term and Working Memory Magic number Seven Plus or minus 2

Making Memories in the brain

Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. Pg 322 Mnemonics memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. Visual imagery Acronyms ROY G BIV HOMES

Effortful Processing Strategies Hierarchies

Spacing Effect the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Testing Effect enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Levels of Processing Shallow processing Deep processing

Shallow Processing: encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. Deep Processing: encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Storing Memories

Retaining Information in the Brain Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain.

Explicit-Memory System: The Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus Hippocampus: a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. Amnesia Damage to either hemisphere Consolidation during sleep

Implicit-Memory System: The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Infantile amnesia

The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory Amygdala – Fear and anger Flashbulb Memories: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Retrieving memories

Measuring Retention Recall Recognition Relearning

Recall a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Recognition a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple- choice test.

Relearning a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Priming Priming

Priming the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Context-Dependent Memory Context effects

Context-Dependent Memory

State-Dependent Memory Mood congruent memory

Mood Congruent Memory the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

Serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list. Recency effect Primacy effect

Forgetting

Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia: an inability to form new memories Anterograde Amnesia: an inability to form new memories. (50 first dates) Retrograde Amnesia: an inability to retrieve information from one’s past. (every Soap Opera ever…)

Encoding Failure: poorly encoded information is not passed from short term to long term memory. – Divided attention is most common cause

Storage decay – memories fade over time, unless regularly revisited. Herman Ebbinghaus: created the "forgetting curve"- much of what we learn we may quickly forget, course of forgetting is initially rapid then levels off with time

Forgetting Storage Decay

Proactive Interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. (forward acting) Ex: You learned how to play a song on the piano last month. You now how trouble learning how to play a new song. Retroactive Interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. (backward-acting) Ex: You learn how to play a new song on the Piano – you now how trouble playing a song you learned last month.

Forgetting Retrieval Failure

Agenda Partner Review (Learning & Memory) Forgetting & Cognition Notes Announcements – Test on Learning & Cognition next THURSDAY 1/27!!

Round 1 Partner 1 Partner 2 Serial Position Effect Retroactive Interference (pg 110 in Crash Course) (pg 112 in Crash Course) You have 2 min to look over these terms to refresh your memory.

Round 1 It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about the Serial Position Effect. Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation. Question’s for Partner 1 to ask: What is … What is an example from your life… What are the different parts of… Partner 1, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 2 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 2 missed.

Round 1 It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about Retroactive Interference . Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation. Question’s for Partner 2 to ask: What is… What is an example of … How is Retroactive similar too… How is Retroactive Interference different than… Partner 2, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 1 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 1 missed.

Round 2 Partner 1 Partner 2 Retrograde Amnesia Misinformation Effect (pg 113 in Crash Course) (pg 114 in Crash Course)

Round 2 It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about Retrograde Amnesia . Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation. Hints for Partner 1: What is… What is an example of … How is Retrograde Amnesia similar too… How is Retrograde Amnesia different than… Partner 1, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 2 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 2 missed.

Round 2 It is Partner 1’s job to make sure that Partner 2 knows all about the Misinformation Effect. Partner 2 will tell everything they know and Partner 1 will ask questions along the way and correct any misinformation. Question’s for Partner 2 to ask: What is the… What is an example of … Can you describe the famous psychological study associated with the misinformation effect? Partner 2, It is your job to make sure that everything Partner 1 says is correct. At the end, answer anything from the hints section above that Partner 1 missed.

Motivated Forgetting Self-serving personal histories Repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Misinformation and Imagination Effects Loftus memory studies Misinformation effect - incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Source Amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Deja Vu that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Discerning True and False Memories Memory studies Children eyewitness recall

Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse? Areas of agreement Sexual abuse happens Injustice happens Forgetting happens Recovered memories are incomplete Memories before 3 years are unreliable Hypnotic memories are unreliable Memories can be emotionally upsetting

Improving Memory Rehearse repeatedly Make the material meaningful Activate retrieval cues Use mnemonic devices Minimize interference Sleep more Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know