Notes on Nationalism and Unification

Nationalism Nationalism inspired independence movements in Europe Napoleon inspired nationalism with ideas of legal equality for all, religious freedom, economic freedom People felt more loyal to own nation/state than to France, just like American colonists had felt

Haitian Independence (first Latin American revolution) Haiti is on the island of Hispaniola Was a large plantation colony owned by France Most inhabitants were slaves France was busy fighting wars at home Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves in a revolt against France. L’Ouverture died in prison but revolt succeeded. Haiti became independent in 1804.

Social Order of Latin America Peninsulares-rulers in the colonies that were born in Europe (Spain or Portugal) Creoles—descendents of the Peninsulares but born in the colonies Mestizzos—people with mixed Native American and European blood Mulattos—people with mixed African and European blood

Mexican Independence Father Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest, led mestizzos in an uprising against creoles and peninsulares for independence in 1810 Hidalgo was executed for his actions but he inspired freedom In 1821 creoles announced independence for Mexico from Spain Mexico became a republic in 1823 That same year many other Central American countries gained independence also.

South American Independence Jose San Martin freed Argentina from Spanish rule in1810 (southern S.A.) Simon Bolivar led revolts in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador Both met in Peru, joined forces and crushed the Spanish army By 1824 nearly all of S.A. was free of colonial rule

German Unification Germany made up of almost 40 states Largest was Prussia, known for militarism Prussian king, Wilhelm I, wanted to unite Germany With Otto Von Bismark he used policy of “blood and iron” (strong military) to unite Germany Fought with Denmark, Austria, and France (Franco-Prussian War) By 1871 Germany is unified Wilhelm I is “kaiser” (emperor Otto Von Bismark is chancellor (prime minister) Strong industry and military make Germany strongest country on European continent

Italian unification Italy is divided into states Count Camillo Cavour won independence in northern Italy from Austria Revolutions in middle Italian states won them freedom Giuseppe Garibaldi organized revolts in southern Italy—used guerrilla warfare Met with Cavour—united all of Italy by 1870