Integrated Flood Management As a Development Policy WMO Training Workshop on Integrated Flood Management for countries in Western Asia and the Arab region 11-14 May 2009, Esteghlal Hotel, Tehran, Iran Integrated Flood Management As a Development Policy AVINASH TYAGI Director, Climate and Water WMO: Climate and Water Department www.apfm.info

Sustainable Development Development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”  In the flood management context mainly on the viability of floodplain use in the long term

Integrated Flood Management Flood Management in the context of Integrated Water Resources Management, aiming at: Sustainable development: balancing development needs and flood risks Maximizing net benefits from floodplains: ensure livelihood security and poverty alleviation thereby addressing vulnerability Minimizing loss of life: in particular through end-to-end FF&W Systems and preparedness planning for extreme events Environmental preservation: ecosystem health & services

Integrated Flood Management Integrated Flood Management (IFM) refers to the integration of land and water management in a river basin using a combination of measures that focus on coping with floods within a framework of IWRM and adopting risk management principles while recognizing that floods have beneficial impacts and can never be fully controlled.

Characteristics of IFM Recognition that a river basin is a dynamic system with many interactions/fluxes between land and water bodies

Characteristics of IFM Linkages between upstream changes and downstream effects and vice-versa www.astrosurf.com Land use plans and water management to be combined in synthesized plan through co-ordination between land management and water management authorities Upstream changes in land use can drastically change the characteristics of a flood and associated water quality and sediment transport characteristics. Upstream urbanization can cause an accentuation of flood peaks and their early occurrence in downstream reaches. Using low lying depressions that play an important role in flood attenuation for dumping solid waste may worsen hygienic conditions and increase flood peaks in downstream reaches during floods. Ignoring these linkages in the past has lead to failures. These linkages need to be recognized, understood and accounted for to lead to synergies in improving river basin performance in several different ways simultaneously. Taking advantage of these potential synergies will, however, require a wider perspective of the issues of development of the river basin in its entirety, rather than attempting to resolve local problems in an isolated manner. By adopting a functional approach to flood management, a problem orientation is an almost inevitable consequence. Taking a wider perspective can allow the situation to be viewed as one of opportunities, of looking for ways in which the performance of the basin as a whole can be enhanced.

What is flood risk? Probability x Consequence Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability Example floods: Hazard: probability of a particular discharge or water level at a particular place Exposure: Land and assets in the inundation area of that flood Vulnerability: ability/disability of the people or assets to withstand, cope with or recover from the negative effects of that flood

Measures for Risk Reduction Reduce hazard Reduce Exposure Reduce Vulnerability Retaining water where it falls (increasing infiltration, rooftop storing) Retention basins (natural wet lands or depressions, man made e.g., school play grounds, household underground tanks Dams and reservoirs Diversion channel Land use management (e.g., house building codes in urban areas, infrastructure building practices, appropriate landscape planning) Structural measures on the river (Dykes, river training work such as channelization, flood walls, raised infrastructures such as roads and railways) Structural and non-structural measures/actions by individual (flood proofing) Land regulation Flood emergency measures (flood warning and evacuation) Physical: by improving the infrastructure, well-being, occupational opportunities and living environment Constitutional: by facilitating equal participation opportunities, education and awareness, providing adequate skills and social support system Motivational: by building awareness and facilitating self organisation

IFM: Principles Risk Management Mitigation and Preparedness Response Recovery and rehabilitation Residual risks

IFM: Principles Risk Management Water Cycle as a whole Flood and drought management Effective use of flood waters Ground water and surface water interaction in flood plains

IFM: Principles Risk Management Water Cycle as a whole Multi-hazard approach Particularly within a basin where there is interaction between various hazard development mechanisms Cross-sectoral integration of disaster management strategies Disaster risk assessment Early warning and forecasts

River basin as a planning unit IFM: Principles Risk Management Water Cycle as a whole Multi-hazard approach River basin as a planning unit

River basin as a planning unit IFM: Principles Risk Management Water Cycle as a whole Multi-hazard approach River basin as a planning unit Inter-disciplinary

River basin as a planning unit Stakeholders participation IFM: Principles Risk Management Water Cycle as a whole Multi-hazard approach River basin as a planning unit Inter-disciplinary Stakeholders participation

IFM: Adaptive Management

Requirements of IFM Clear and objective policies Comprehensive assessment and understanding of development opportunities and flood risks; Multi-sectoral approach to reach the objectives; Appropriate legislation and regulations; and Innovative economic instruments. with a multidisciplinary approach Appropriate Institutional structures for proper coordination and linkages; Enabling participatory processes; and Information management and exchange mechanisms.

National Development Policy Natural resources management (including water resources for domestic, agriculture, fishery, and industry Land use management (agriculture, industry, dwelling, urban development, etc) Environmental management (conservation and modification) Risk management policies, and Social development issues (living conditions, level of poverty, equity and fairness principles)

National Flood Management Policy: The vision Why flood management needs to be improved; How risks due to floods are to be mitigated while making use of floodplains; and When specific goals would be achieved.

National Flood Management Policy What role do the flood plains play in the economy of the country/region? What issues in National development vision/policy have relevance to the condition of floods or flooding and its management? How flood management can contribute to the national development? How flood risks can be appropriately factored in national development planning? How national development vision/policy should be aligned to the existing and future flood risks? How flood risks are shared between federal, state, and local governments on one hand and the individual on the other? What role do the different institutions play in flood management?

Urban Flood Management Integrated with River Flood Management LAND USE PLANNING Storm Water Management Plans Basin Flood Management Principales Concepts Risk Management Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Total Water Cycle Management Integrated Flood Management IWRM SPATIAL PLANNING Coastal Zone Management

Flood Management Planning Process National development vision/policy National flood management vision/policy Basin flood management vision and policy Beneficial and negative impacts of flooding Role of flooding in social, economic condition Land use Survey and Analysis Hydrological, meteorological, geomorphologic data, environmental data Social and economical data ↓ Hydro meteorological analysis Hydraulic analysis Damage analysis Flood risk assessment Flood Management Planning Process Setting target for basin flood management plan Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Social Impact Assessment Economic analysis Identification and selection of options to reduce flood risks Basin Flood Management Plan Monitoring Project implementation plan

Global warming …….will hit through water Through climate change and the effects of e.g… - changes in the hydrological cycle and water balance - sea level rise - increased water temperatures Through increased climate variability in the form of more serious and frequent extremes, such as floods and droughts Source:TJK

Extreme Weather and Climate Events in IPCC AR4 Table TS.4. Recent trends, assessment of human influence on trends, and projections of extreme weather and climate events for which there is evidence of an observed late 20th-century trend. An asterisk in the column headed ‘D’ indicates that formal detection and attribution studies were used, along with expert judgement, to assess the likelihood of a discernible human influence. Where this is not available, assessments of likelihood of human influence are based on attribution results for changes in the mean of a variable or changes in physically related variables and/or on the qualitative similarity of observed and simulated changes, combined with expert judgement.

Hazards Floods Droughts Flow regime changes

Vulnerability of coastal deltas (IPCC 2007)

Policy Robustness Indicators Affected parameters in relation to water IFM Policy Principles conducive to sustainable adaptation policies Balanced outlook on technical storage options including linkages to energy production and greenhouse gas emmissions Combined flood and drought management plans, IWRM as framing concept Food security and livelihood focus Managing all floods (smaller and extremes, riverine and coastal) Flood Risk Management and multihazard outlook Productive use of flood waters Best mix of structural and non-structural options Participatory and river basin approach Snow cover storage, seasonality of flows Evapotranspiration, Freshwater availability Evapotranspiration freshwater & coolingwater availability Streamflow, flood frequency, sediment transport, slope stability Table TS.4. Recent trends, assessment of human influence on trends, and projections of extreme weather and climate events for which there is evidence of an observed late 20th-century trend. An asterisk in the column headed ‘D’ indicates that formal detection and attribution studies were used, along with expert judgement, to assess the likelihood of a discernible human influence. Where this is not available, assessments of likelihood of human influence are based on attribution results for changes in the mean of a variable or changes in physically related variables and/or on the qualitative similarity of observed and simulated changes, combined with expert judgement. Freshwater availability Stormsurge frequency

World Climate Conference-3 Better climate information for a better future Geneva, Switzerland 31 August–4 September 2009 Towards a Global Framework for Climate Information THANK YOU

Basin Planning Flood Proofing and Building Codes Flood Hazard Mapping