IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of.

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Presentation transcript:

IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2012: 7 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER

Nubia_Group

IN 2020, AS NOW, THE GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY … Should be available, without interruption, in sufficient QUANTITY to meet the primary needs of the people Should be of good QUALITY (i.e., CLEAN) to sustain life

KEY FACTORS WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS

Have POINT-SENSITIVE and AREA-SENSITIVE components, … Have varying vulnerabilities in their exposure to the TIME – and SPACE- DEPENDENT potential disaster agents of natural hazards.

WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS Above-ground siting makes water- and waste-water systems more vulnerable to earthquake ground shaking; inundation during, tsunamis, floods, and severe windstorms; and permanent deformation during landslides.

WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS Below-ground siting makes water distribution systems more nvulnerable to permanent deformation caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction.

WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION SYSTEMS Vulnerability is a function of materials, age, maintenance, and the systems exposure as a site-specific, or a spatially- distributed above-or-below- ground system.

OVERVIEW OF RISK WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FACE DIFFERENT RISKS FROM DIFFERENT NATURAL HAZARDS

HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

WATER, WASTE WATER, AD DUSTRIBION SYSTEMS DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY RESILIENT SYSTEMS

DAMAGE; INJURIES ELEMENTS OF UNACCEPTABLE RISK FAILURE; DEATHS LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS LOSSECONOMIC RISKRISK

RISK MODELING RISK = NAT. HAZARD x EXPOSURE NOTE: X = CONVOLUTION SPECIFIC HAZARD: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE BUILDING STOCK WATER SYSTEMS GOVERNMENT & BUSINESSES

Individual Modeled Events Event Probability Dollars of Loss 1% 1/100 Thresho ld Event Individual Modeled Events 1% Tail of the Distribution INSURERS MODEL THE RISK DISTRIBUTION FOR ALL EXPOSURES AND ALL EVENTS Total Area Under Curve = EAL for Entire Portfolio of Risks Layers & Slices = Retentions and Transferred Amounts

DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES CONSIDER ALL PAST LOCAL-SCALE AND REGIONAL-SCALE EVENTS AS DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES

EARTHQUAKES

An Earthquake Can Cause A Disaster (Japan 2011)

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING, LIQUE- FACTION & LANDSLIDES) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN, AND ROUTE TSUNAMI IMPACTS POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

TSUNAMIS

A TSUNAMI CAN CAUSE A DISASTER (Thailand 2004)

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS INUNDATION INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

FLOODS

A FLOOD CAN CAUSE A DISASTER (China 2007)

LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGED BY WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK DISASTER LABORATORIES

SEVERE WINDSTORMS

A SEVERE WINDSTORM CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE SEVERE WINDSTORMS UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM INUNDATION AND MUDFLOWS STORM SURGE IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN SITING PROBLEMS FLYING DEBRIS CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION SEVERE WINDSTORMS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTION PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY FOUR PILLARS OF DISASTER RESILIENCE Wind profile Storm Hazards: -Wind pressure -Surge -Rain -Flood -Waves -Salt water -Missiles -TornadoesOceanOcean Gradient Wind

LANDSLIDES

A MAJOR LANDSLIDE CAN CAUSE A DISASTER

SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE CAUSES OF DAMAGE DISASTER LABORATORIES

DISASTER RESILEINCE A GLOBAL GOAL FOR WATER-, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:

TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

DISASTERS OCCUR WHEN--- WATER-, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ARE LEFT … UNPROTECTED AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF NATURAL HAZARDS

DISASTER RESILIENCE RISK MODELING VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY EXPOSUREEXPOSURE EVENTEVENT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION COSTCOST BENEFITBENEFIT CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE WATER SYSTEMS EXPECTED LOSS

EARTHQUAKES

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING ) IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER CASE HISTORIES

INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS (I.E., BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ) MEAN 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING 2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES

SICHUAN, CHINA: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

HAITI: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

TURKEY: BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

CHINA: DAMS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

JAPAN: NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NEED PROTECION IN AN EARTHQUAKE

UNDERGROUND UTILITIES NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.