Organic Chemistry Overview: Packet #1 (blue) (Buckle up, kiddoes!)

Organic Chemistry = The study of carbon-containing compounds More specifically: those compounds that have a carbon backbone There are well over 1 million known organic compounds! Good ole’ carbon:

Rules for Nomenclature of organic compounds? You betcha! A system for naming organic compounds has been developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC). The system is accepted and used throughout the world. Fun!

All natural! You’ll finally be able to understand ingredient labels! WOO!

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics ALKANES: simplest hydrocarbons CnH2n+2 (n=# of C atoms in the molecule) single bonds only! Suffix is –ane Prefixes are determined by the # of Carbons! (see right) 1C Meth-       Methane  2C Eth-           Ethane   3C Pro-           Propane  4C But-           Butane   5C Pent-         Pentane  6C Hex-           Hexane   7C Hept-         Heptane  8C Oct-            Octane   9C Non-           Nonane   10C Dec-           Decane 

Name or give the formula for: C10H22 Octane C4H10 Got it? Name or give the formula for: C10H22 Octane C4H10

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Basically: we don’t have to take up space with all those pesky hydrogens!

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Alkyl groups Most alkanes exist as “branched” molecules (not continuous straight chains) 1st: identify the parent compound (longest row of carbons?) 2nd: name that (normal alkane rules) 3rd: any other “carbon groups” hanging off = alkyl groups (formula = CnH2n+1) 4th: drop the –ane suffix... Put a –yl suffix on that bad boy!

Longest chain of carbons? Got it? Longest chain of carbons? What’s left? Parent compound = hexane Alkyl group = ethyl So... Ethyl Hexane?

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics It’s actually a tad bit more complicated... We also have to number the longest chain so that the alkyl group(s) will be on the lowest #ed carbons We also alphabetize the alkyl groups in the name (regardless of #) (5-ethyl) (3-methyl) Name: 5-ethyl-3-methyloctane (NOT 3-methyl-5-ethyloctane)

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics 1 last thing... If the SAME alkyl group shows up multiple times in the compound, we use #s and prefixes to denote that. Remember to # the parent compound carbons so that the alkyl groups have the lowest #s!

Cute puppies to help your brain calm down

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Cyclic Alkanes: Chains that connect into rings! Single bonds only (-ane ending, remember?!) Add the cyclo- prefix and the rules are pretty much the same...

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Cyclic Alkanes with Alkyl Groups: Some special rules (...of course!) All positions in a ring are equivalent, so you don’t need a # if there’s only 1 alkyl group It’s assumed that it’s attached to carbon #1 2+ alkyl groups mean you need to use #s The group that comes first alphabetically is on carbon #1, then # the carbons clockwise or counterclockwise to give the other groups the lowest possible #s. Name: 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (NOT: 1,5-dimethylcyclohexane)

Got it? ? ? ? ?

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Alkenes Carbon chain or ring with at least 1 double bond! General formula for straight chain: CnH2n Use the –ene suffix Pretty much the same rules as w/ alkanes...

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Rule 1: the parent compound must contain the double bond Rule 2: # the parent compound to give the carbon-carbon double bond the lowest possible # (unless there are less than 4 carbons...) Rule 3: the name should contain a # to indicate the position of the double bond! Name: 1-butene

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Cycloalkenes: Yep! You guessed it! These are rings w/ at least 1 double-bond in them! Good times! The carbons that have the double bond between them are always #1 and #2... Go whichever direction you need to in order to give the attached alkyl groups the lowest #s possible(!) Name: 3-methylcyclohexene

Got it? Name this bad boy right here! Name: 4-ethyl-5-methylcyclohexene

Naming Organic Compounds: the basics Alkynes Triple-bond-havers! General formula = CnH2n-2 Use the suffix –yne Same rules as alkenes with their sassy little double-bond(s)! Name: 5-methyl-2-hexyne

? Got it? ? What’s this little guy’s name? Draw the structure for 3-methylcyclohexyne: ? ?