Prenatal Period to 1 Year Chapter 6 Prenatal Period to 1 Year

Heredity and Environment Each sperm and ovum contributes 23 chromosomes to the zygote The sex of the zygote is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes Genes Dominant Recessive

Environment and Its Influences General health of mother Diet Balance of rest and exercise Avoidance of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs Avoidance of teratogens Early prenatal supervision

Stages of Development Ovulation Fertilization Implantation

Sperm penetrating the ovum

Formation of dizygotic twins Formation of dizygotic twins. There is fertilization of two ova, two implantations, two placentas, two chorions, and two amnions.

Prenatal Period Extends from fertilization to birth Early stages of development Zygote Morula Blastocyst Embryo Fetus EMBRYO- 5 weeks

FETUS - 9 WEEKS

FETUS – 14 WEEKS

FETUS – 20 WEEKS

Stages of Labor Stage 1: dilation Stage 2: expulsion Effacement Stage 2: expulsion Stage 3: delivery of placenta

PREPARING FOR DELIVERY

Vaginal Breech Delivery

Fetal Structures Placenta Umbilical cord Produces hormones Transports nutrients and wastes Protects Umbilical cord Two arteries One vein

PLACENTA

Increased estrogen and progesterone levels are responsible for stimulating the massive growth of the uterus during pregnancy. Prenatal uterine growth results from both hyperplasia, an increase in the number of muscle cells, and hypertrophy, an enlargement of the existing cells. After birth the decrease in these hormones causes autolysis, the self-destruction of excess hypertrophied tissue. Assessment of involution of uterus after childbirth. A, Normal progress, days 1 through 9. B, Size and position of uterus 2 hours after childbirth. C, Two days after childbirth. D, Four days after childbirth.

Apgar Scale Done at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth Measures overall status Color Reflex irritability Heart rate Respiratory rate Muscle tone

Physical Characteristics of the Newborn Head Length and weight Skin

Superior view of the fetal skull. Fetal head two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and occipital bone Molding Sutures Fontanelles Superior view of the fetal skull.

Physical Characteristics of the Newborn Genitals Face and abdomen Extremities

Neurological Characteristics of the Newborn Protective reflexes Blinking Sneezing Swallowing Gag reflex

Neurological Characteristics of the Newborn (continued) Other reflexes Moro-startle Rooting Sucking Grasp Tonic neck Babinski

Vital Signs Temperature Pulse Respirations Blood pressure Range is 100 beats/min while asleep 120-160 beats/min while awake Listen to apical pulse rates for a full min

Developmental Milestones Gross motor skills Head control and rolling over Sitting Crawling and creeping Standing Cruising Walking

Developmental Milestones (continued) Fine motor skills Grasping Reaching Holding Bringing objects to mouth Holding own bottle, hand preference Pincer grasp Drinking from cup Using a spoon

Psychosocial Development Erikson: trust vs. mistrust Parental guidance Temperament

Cognitive and Moral Development Cognitive development Piaget: stage of sensorimotor development Moral development

Communication Crying Cooing Babbling Sound repetition

Nutrition Breastfeeding Bottle feeding Weaning Introduction of solid foods

Sleep, Rest, and Play Sleep and rest Play: solitary

Safety Safety issues Health promotion Suffocation Falls Choking Poisoning Drowning Burns Motor vehicle crashes Health promotion

Health Promotion Good health practices Use of health-care services Early diagnosis and treatment Regular immunizations

Chapter Challenge List three factors that may promote a healthy pregnancy Trace development from fertilization to implantation Name the primitive reflexes present at birth