LO: I understand what is meant by a fuel and combustion. Fuels LO: I understand what is meant by a fuel and combustion.

A fuel is a substance that reacts with (burns) releasing energy. oxygen heat Another word for burning is . combustion Burning in a plentiful supply of oxygen is called combustion. complete Combustion is an , reaction (gives out heat). exothermic LO: I understand what is meant by a fuel and combustion.

Fossil Fuels LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

The three main fossil fuels are: Fossil fuels are made from the dead remains of animal and plant material that lived of years ago. millions The three main fossil fuels are: coal crude oil natural gas Fossil fuels are a resource. finite One day they will run out. LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

trees mud heat pressure millions Formation of Coal: Coal is formed from the dead remains of , that grew in prehistoric swamps. trees The dead trees fell into the swamp and were covered in . mud The action of and over of years turned the remains into coal. heat pressure millions LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

plankton sand heat pressure millions oil Formation of Oil: Oil is formed from microscopic plants and animals ( ) that lived in ancient oceans. plankton The plankton died, fell to the seabed and was covered in layers of . sand The action of and over of years turned the remains into oil. heat pressure millions Natural gas is formed at the same time as and sits on top of the oil trapped under a layer of rock. oil LO: I understand how the main fossil fuels are formed.

Global Warming LO: I know what is meant by global warming.

The Greenhouse Effect All of the heat on the planet comes from the . sun This heat energy is held around the planet by the . atmosphere This is called the effect. greenhouse cold Without it the planet would be too at night for life to exist. LO: I know what is meant by the greenhouse effect.

LO: I know what is meant by the greenhouse effect.

Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases trap energy. heat Some trap more heat than others: water vapour - evaporation of water. carbon dioxide - breathed out by living things. - burning of fossil fuels. methane - decomposition of dead material by bacteria. ozone - formed in the upper atmosphere . LO: I know what is meant by the greenhouse effect.

This is Global Warming average In recent years, the temperature of the Earth has been increasing. This is Global Warming What is causing this? LO: I know what is meant by global warming.

Possible Reasons for Global Warming LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

Carbon Dioxide Global temperatures and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been linked together. higher The higher the level of carbon dioxide, the the temperature. However, what is happening here? global warming is causing more CO2 in the air more CO2 in the air is causing global warming LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

Global Warming Effect (Natural) Most of the Earth’s CO2 is dissolved in the . sea less The higher the temperature the soluble the CO2 becomes. Increased solar activity is making sea temperatures . rise Dissolved CO2 is coming out of the and into the . sea air LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

CO2 Effect (Man-made) Burning fossil fuels produces . carbon dioxide Increased CO2 in the atmosphere increases the effect. greenhouse Global temperatures . rise LO: I know some possible reasons for global warming.

Possible Consequences of Global Warming LO: I know some possible consequences of global warming.

Global warming may lead to: more violent weather systems - hurricanes, tornadoes, storms. drought - desert areas are expanding flooding of coastal areas - caused by melting ice at the poles. more forest fires - due to drier, hotter conditions. All of these effects destroy and may cause some species to become . habitats extinct LO: I know some possible consequences of global warming.

Hydrocarbons LO: I understand what is meant by a hydrocarbon.

hydrocarbons hydrogen carbon mixture crude The substances which make up oil and natural gas are mainly . hydrocarbons A hydrocarbon is a substance made from and only. hydrogen carbon mixture Oil as it comes from the ground is a of different hydrocarbons. It is known as oil. crude LO: I understand what is meant by a hydrocarbon.

Extracting Oil LO: I know how crude oil is extracted from the ground.

porous non-porous drilling pressure water steam Crude oil forms in a layer of . rock. porous The oil travels upwards until it becomes trapped under some rock. non-porous The oil is released by a hole through this rock. drilling The crude oil is under and flows to the surface. pressure More oil can be forced to the surface by pumping or into the rock. water steam LO: I know how crude oil is extracted from the the ground.

Separating Crude Oil LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

boiling fractions fractional distillation Separating Crude Oil Different hydrocarbons have different points. boiling The differences in the boiling points can be used to separate the hydrocarbons. The crude oil is separated into parts with boiling points within a particular range - . fractions This is done using . fractional distillation LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

The Fractionating Tower Refinery gas Heater highest temperature lowest temperature Crude oil The gases rise up the tower and condense at different levels depending on the boiling point. Petroleum Naphtha Kerosene Fuel Oil 350˚C Residue LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

The Fractions Fraction Number of C atoms Boiling range (˚C) State Refinery gas 1-4 -160 to 20 gas liquid Petroleum 5-6 20 to 65 Naphtha 6-11 65 to 180 liquid Kerosene 9-15 180 to 250 liquid liquid Fuel Oil 15-25 250 to 350 Residue 25+ 350+ solid LO: I understand how the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated.

Trends in the Fractions LO: I understand how the carbon chain length affects the properties of fractions.

As the chain length increases: the boiling point . increases the ease of evaporation . decreases the flammability . decreases the viscosity (thickness) . increases LO: I understand how the carbon chain length affects the properties of fractions.

Uses of Fractions LO: I know some examples of the uses of fractions.

Most crude oil fractions are used as fuels: Refinery gas - . heating Petroleum - fuel for . cars Naphtha - fuel for cars, . consumer products Kerosene - fuel for . aircraft Fuel oil - fuel for and . lorries ships Residue - oil, and for roads. lubricating wax tar LO: I know some examples of the uses of fractions.

Pollution LO: I understand how pollution can be caused by burning fossil fuels.

When fossil fuels are burned: is produced from the sulphur present in coal. sulphur dioxide are produced in petrol engines. nitrogen oxides Both of these gases dissolve in rain water making . acid rain Carbon dioxide is also produced which contributes to warming. global LO: I understand how pollution can be caused by burning fossil fuels.

Incomplete Combustion LO: I understand how incomplete combustion occurs.

, turning everything black. soot Fossil fuels burning in a limited supply of oxygen (poor ventilation) produce: , a toxic gas. carbon monoxide , turning everything black. soot This is known as combustion. incomplete LO: I understand how incomplete combustion occurs.

Reducing Pollution LO: I understand how to reduce pollution.

Car exhaust systems contain catalytic convertors which: turn harmful gases like and into less harmful ones. carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides contain metal catalysts. transition There are also lean burn engines which mix more with the fuel. oxygen petrol cuts down on toxic lead. Unleaded LO: I understand how to reduce pollution.