Classification and Phylogeny AP Biology

January 26th, 2014 Name as many kingdoms as you can and 3 organisms found in each kingdom you have listed. (Hint: Start with the domains first then go to kingdoms!)

Announcements Syllabus Review Test Date: MAY 11th, 2015 @ 8:00 am!!!!! Contact Info: stephanie.robinson@lansingschools.net or burtonkl@msu.edu Miss Class? Go to: www.klaudiaburton.weebly.com

Word Parts Do for each chapter we discuss in the class I will allow you to do them in any format you chose (i.e Flashcards, Quizlet App, Notes, etc) Use the “Understanding Terms” section at the end of chapter to create your word parts list

Chapter 28 Word Parts Word Part Meaning Term ana- upward, back, again -logy -logous having relation bi- nom- name homo- -gen phyl- tax-

January 27th, 2014 Using the organisms given, group them into 4 categories. Explain your logic behind grouping them this way. 1 2 3 5 4 8 6 7

Wednesday, January 28th Which two species are most closely related? Least closely related? What characteristic is common in both the salamander and the leopard?

Classification of Living Things How do we classify things? TAXONOMY Branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying organisms Began in Ancient Greece and Rome Taxon (pl. taxa): group of organisms that fill a particular category of classification Ex. Rosa and Felis Common Ancestor: Ancestor held in common by at least two lines of descent

Carolus Linnaeus “Father” of taxonomy Gave us the binomial naming system (Binomial Nomenclature) to classify organisms Particularly interested in plants Rules for nomenclature: Always italicized Genus name is ALWAYS capitalized and written before species Names are always in Latin (Universal!) Example: Homo sapiens (Humans)

old Classification system Originally only two kingdoms were recognized (Plants and Animals) 1960s – 5 kingdom system was adopted Monera – prokaryotes Protista – single & multicellular eukaryotes simpler than plants, animals or fungi Fungi – multicellular heterotrophs (extracellular digestion and absorption) Plantae – multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs Animalia – eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs

New Classification system Seeks to organize organisms by evolutionary relationships rather than just characteristics Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya 4 Kingdoms: Protista, Animalia, Fungi, Plantae The kingdoms monera and protista are obsolete because they are polyphyletic

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Species: Panthera pardus Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Bacteria Domain: Eukarya Archaea

Systematics Study of diversity of organisms at all levels of organization Goal of systematics is to determine phylogeny Three main systematics used today: Cladistics, Phenetics, and Traditional

Phylogeny Evolutionary history of a group of organisms Expressed using phylogenetic tree diagram that indicates common ancestors and lines of descent (lineages)

phylogentic trees All species arise from a common ancestor on the tree Species are more closely related to other species in the same genus, more distantly related to species in other genera (plural for genus) of the same family, and so forth from order to class to phylum to kingdom Primitive (ancestral) character: one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group Derived (evolved) character: one that is found only in a particular line of descent

Derived Characters Primitive Characters

Tracing Phylogeny Fossil Records Homology Homologous Structures: related to each other in common descent but may now differ in structure and function Ex. Forelimbs of animals ( Convergent Evolution: similarity in structure in distantly related groups due to adaptation to the environment Analogous Structures: have the same function in different groups but do not have a common ancestry Ex. Insect wings vs. Bat wings Molecular Data

Insect Wings Bat Wings

Cladistics systems Cladograms: shared derived characters to classify organisms and arrange taxa in a type of of phylogenetic tree Cladistics based on the premise of homologies

Cladistic systems