6 MOTIVATION: INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY

Learning Objectives Define motivation. Explain need-based theories of motivation. Explain behavior-based theories of motivation. Describe reinforcement theory and behavior modification. Discuss the relationship between self-esteem and motivation.

What Motivates You at Work? Money Family Traffic Time Recognition Potential to move up Incentives The work Stats (quota)

What is Motivation The willingness to make an effort toward accomplishment.

What is Motivation Extrinsic Rewards Intrinsic Rewards Salary Bonuses Promotions and praise High grades in classes A work ethic A sense of self-identity, self-fulfillment, and self-worth. The social value of work. Social and community roles.

Need-Based Theories of Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Motivation Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tjYoKCBYag&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Need-Based Theories of Motivation Alderfer’s ERG theory Existence needs Relatedness needs Growth needs Frustration-Regression Existence: similar to physiological in Maslows Relatedness: similar to belonginess in Maslows Growth needs: similar to self-actualization in Maslows Frustration-Regression: someone who fails to reach a level and gets frustrated and regresses to a lower need level

Need-Based Theories of Motivation McClelland’s Manifest Needs theory Power needs the need to control and influence others Affiliation needs the need to interact with others Achievement needs the need to achieve

Need-Based Theories of Motivation Describes two factors: hygienes and motivators Hygienes: factors connected with a job that make working their better Figure 6.5: Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Need-Based Theories of Motivation Motivators: factors that are intrinsic: found within the work itself or within the worker Figure 6.5: Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Need-Based Theories of Motivation Factors necessary for job enrichment to be effective: Skill variety - The opportunity and ability to use different skills in one’s position at work. Task identity - Worker’s perception of the meaningfulness of a job. Task significance - Worker’s perception that the task directly affects other people’s work or lives. Autonomy - Ability to act and make self decisions without undue interference from management. Feedback- Allows individuals to know how well they are performing.

Behavior-Based Theories of Motivation Expectancy theory Explains human behavior in terms of people’s goals, choices, and the expectation that goals will be reached. Expectancy Instrumentality Valence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVrKZH6mn2I&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Rudy

Reinforcement Theory and Behavior Modification Behavior that is rewarded enough times is repeated. Behavior that repeatedly receives no reward will probably discontinue. The process of changing behavior because of a reward, or a lack of reward, is called behavior modification. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Big Bang Theory

Goal Setting Goal setting allows employees to set their own goals.

Delusional Undefined Mediocre Boring Goal Setting Delusional Undefined Mediocre Boring

Motivation and Self-Esteem Self-esteem and job performance Low self-esteem keeps an individual from making risky decisions Person with low self-esteem may perform at exactly the level where others expect performance to be

Strategies for Success Take a look at Your needs. What you want in life. How the need areas apply in workplace. Changing your behavior: Change a behavior or bad habit. Take small steps to reach your goal. Find a small reward to motivate you. Reward yourself to reinforce the desired behavior.