Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Summary of Identified Priority Problems in the River Basins of Kazakhstan 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Problems Grouped by Water Uses (Sectors) 136 Priority Problems 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Water Management 36 Priority Problems (26%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

UN Water Stress Indicator Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Resource or Management Problem? UN Water Stress Indicator Fresh water withdrawal versus available resources 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Water Resources Distribution UC 33 mm/a 5,723 m³/c BA 37 mm/a 5,042 m³/c Ir 68 mm/a 7,229 m³/c Is 5 mm/a 643 m³/c NS 4 mm/a 1,054 m³/c ST 24 mm/a 5,165 m³/c SD TT 1,081 m³/c 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Fresh Water Withdrawals (m³/capita,a) Kazakhstan In 1999: 1275 m³/c,a In 1993: 2000 m³/c,a Source: OECD 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Water Management Strategy Policy paper (EU Framework Directive) Protection of all waters (surface and groundwater) Achieve good status for all waters (coordinate objectives) Water management based on river basins (plan) Combined approach: emission limits and quality standards (immission) Get prices right (true costs, but with derogations) Public participation 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Legislation and Institutions 12 Priority Problems (9%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Modern water code (on its way) Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Legislation/Institutional Strategy Modern water code (on its way) Strengthen institutions (capacity & power) Committee for Water Resources River Basin Authorities Nura Ishim River Basin Management (pilot) Project 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal 22 Priority Problems (16%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem 8.38 million = urban population 56% (1999) Municipal Water Supply 70-75% water supply connection rate 75-80% comply with quality norms  (52-60%) Wastewater Disposal 60-70% Sewage collection thereof 65-70% biol. treated  (40-50%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Causes of the Problems Deterioration of infrastructure Estimated required investments for urban water supply: $ 1.1 bln. Assets / service level service level book value 25 50 years today 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation 12 Priority Problems (9%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem 6.58 million rural population = 44% (1999) 7845 settlements Supply coverage reduced (1991-1999): by settlements: - 31% by population: from 45%  ~25% Non-compliance with quality standards: 30% in Almaty, 90% in Zhambyl Oblast infection diseases increase 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy Individual solutions required: Actual water demand? Affordability and willingness? Define service level Study alternative sources available Define least cost solution covering demand Define owner and operator Define tariff and subsidy regime (sustainable) Urgent investments: $ 250-400 million 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Ecology 19 Priority Problems (14%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Ecological Problems Protection of environment = protection of water resources This is a strong contribution to provision of drinking water & water for other uses (sectors) Balance of: economical – social – ecological aspects 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Data Base and Monitoring 13 Priority Problems (10%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Data Base and Monitoring A deficit for all kind of information exists Define carefully information needs! Define monitoring strategy and network Data collection and analysis Reports: information, not only data River Basin Authorities to be in charge plus a central data base 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Industrial Water Supply and Pollution Reduction 8 Priority Problems (6%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Clean-up of hot spots Regulatory approach Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy for Industries Clean-up of hot spots E.g. Nura river, UK groundwater pollution Regulatory approach Operational issues (water code & decrees) Develop branch specific effluent standards Develop realistic strategic action plan with transition periods (to achieve good status  not to kill viable industry) Access to financing (e.g. eco fund) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The Priority Problems of Agricultural Water Supply 6 Priority Problems (4%) 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Agricultural Water Supply Irrigated land reduced to 1/3 since 1993 Rehabilitate schemes which have: Identified owner/ operator Amelioration associations (1000 – 5000ha) Low pumping heads Marketable irrigated products Rehabilitation cost approx. < 1000 $/ha Estimated investments required in sector: $ 600 mln. 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Other Priority Problems (3) Education and training of water professionals (3) Hydropower, Dam Safety and Flood Protection (1) Professional Fisheries (1) Inland Navigation; Shulba 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger

Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins The main challenges Water management problem legislation, institutional reforms Urban water supply infrastructure – in critical condition $ 1,100 Mln. Rural water supply – only ¼ coverage left $ 250-400 Mln. Industry: main polluter Clean-up actions and regulatory actions Agricultural water supply $ 600 Mln. 5-Dec-18 Fritz Schwaiger