Objective Objective 1: Martin Luther and other reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice. Objective 2: Religious conflicts became a basis for challenging the monarchs’ control of religious institutions. Which of the following developments best represents a long-term effect of Christian humanism? Catholic unity throughout Europe Religious plurality in France as evidenced through the Edict of Nantes Religious conflict in Europe until the mid-seventeenth century The implementation of new religious orders such as Jesuits

Renaissance and Reformation Overlap Botticelli, 1480s 95 Theses, 1517 Bruegel, 1566

Protestant Reformation A protest to reform the Catholic Church An intentional revolution? An intentional break?

Luther’s Problems with the Catholic Church Letter to Archbishop Table Talk Pope > Bible AN INDULGENCE

Indulgence What is it? Why does this upset Luther? Remission of temporal penalty for sin, but still have to answer to God Old tradition (Crusades) Example: Excused v Unexcused absence Indulgence: Excused absence What it’s not: free pass to Heaven or expunging sin

Indulgences During Luther Tetzel Pope Leo X grant indulgences in exchange for money to build St. Peter’s Basilica