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4. I. Problems in the Catholic Church a. Most powerful institution in Europe during the Middle Ages. b. 1400's Church began to abuse its power. c. Church sold indulgences to raise money to build churches and pay Renaissance artists.

5. d. An indulgence was a certificate that granted forgiveness of sins. e. People bought indulgences for themselves and deceased relatives. f. Abuses caused resentment in Western Europe.

6. 1) Martin Luther- German monk who created the 95 Thesis, which were 95 arguments against the sale of indulgences. 2) Henry VIII- King of England who separated from the Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce from his wife and the Catholic Church would not allow it. 3) John Calvin- Swiss reformer who believed in predestination, which is the idea that God already knows who will be punished and who will be saved (i.e.- sent to Heaven).

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8. D) EFFECTS (RESULTS) OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION: 1.The Catholic Church was unable to restore unity, but much of Europe remained under its authority. The Catholic Reformation worked against Protestant ideas, revived doctrine, and attacked popular beliefs. 2. A new order, the Jesuits, spearheaded educational and missionary activity, including work in Asia and the Americas. 3. The unity of Western Christianity was shattered. Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism. 4. Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17 th century. 5. Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.

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