Amniotic Egg Suite of special membranes (we went over these) with various jobs (store nutrients, gas exchange, waste storage) Shell (in some) for protection.

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Amniotic Egg Suite of special membranes (we went over these) with various jobs (store nutrients, gas exchange, waste storage) Shell (in some) for protection + waterproofing, can lay eggs in more exposed locations Birds evolved hard shell Mammals dispensed with shell and embryo avoids desiccation by developing within mother. Shell Yolk sac contains nutrients Embryo Figure 34-16

Dino EGGS Dino rookery-nests 23ft apart Lots of parental care Communal nesters

Early mammals split from Synapsids Mammals only surviving lineage of Rest of Synapsids went extinct at end Permian extinction event (250mya) Reptiles ANCESTRAL AMNIOTE Amniotic egg Synapsids Mammals

Eutherians=Placentals Marsupials Monotremes WITHIN MAMMALS.. Eutherians=Placentals Marsupials Monotremes Mammals have…Mammary glands... nourish offspring with milk-Ramifications….???? Offspring can grow fast and over a long period... Don’t have to feed themselves (offspring can be born in locations that don’t support them directly) Not dependent on abundance of prey Mom can store energy in the form of fat to feed young

Monotremes Eggs w/ soft shells echidnas incubate their eggs in their pouch platypuses incubate eggs in nest Milk-oozes out of skin onto fur Highly altricial

Marsupials Born at very premature stage…(highly altricial-equivalent to 8-10 wk old human embryo) (no precocial young) Shorter period of diffusion of materials between mom and baby Pouch with nipples inside-permanently attached at start..ex utero development (NOT ALL HAVE POUCHES)

Marsupials are much less diverse than placental mammals in terms of range of lifestyles, range of body shapes and where they live. One hypothesis for why no fully aquatic or flying species has to do with reproduction….

Thylacosmilus (left / source) and Borhyaena (right / source). http://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2012/fossil-focus-marsupials/

Marsupials reached Australia 50 mya Placentals were there in Australia but went extinct Left Marsupials as only mammals http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000436

One group of mammals=Eutherian=Placentals have a Placenta One group of mammals=Eutherian=Placentals have a Placenta! Very specialized membranes for transfer of nutrients….transfer of nutrients is high! Mother’s uterus Placenta Allantois Yolk sac Embryo Amnion Chorion Figure 34-17

Placentals or Eutherians Chorioallantoic placenta “even more specialized tissues”-provide nutritional, respiratory and excretory exchange between mom and offspring

What cool pouch facts did you learn about (open up pouch paper)?? Gas exchange through skin! Ectothermic! Immune system underdeveloped! No lymph system! Note: Is a kind of yolk sac which delivers nutrients In some species there ARE placenta like organs but not clear whether nutrients are transferred.