BELLWORK: Block 2 List four problems Russia faced during WWI. What was the outcome of the March Revolution? Who was Vladimir Lenin? What did he promise the Russian people? What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? THINKER: Why do you think Russians found communism appealing at the time?

“Freedom in a capitalist society always remains about the same as it was in ancient Rome; freedom for slave owners.”

Germany’s surrender, effects of war, and Treaty of Versailles The End of world war i

What happened to Russia? Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Russia makes peace with Central Powers; loses territory of Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic states. Effects: Ends involvement in WWI, but worsens relations with the Allied powers.

Towards the End of War British blockade was starving Germany Introduction of tanks ended stalemate Allied convoy system shut down U-boat attacks Revolution spread in Europe Allied powers launch huge offensive on August 8, 1918  invade Germany! Allied troops continued to advance; German industry/military fails Towards the End of War

Collapse of the Central Powers Ottoman Empire surrenders (10/30/18) States declare independence from A-H (11/3/18)

End of WWI 11/11/1918: Germany surrenders Leader steps down and a provisional government is established

End of WWI Extremely high death toll….why?

Central Powers Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % Mobilized Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9 Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0 Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2 Bulgaria 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2 Total 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4 Grand Total 65,038,810 8,538,315 21,219,452 7,750,919 37,508,686 57.6

Casualties % Mobilized Allied Powers Countries Total Mobilized Killed & Died Wounded Prisoners & Missing Total Casualties Casualties % Mobilized Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3 France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8 Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1 United States 4,355,000 126,000 234,300 4,500 364,800 8.2 Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8 Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9 Total 42,188,810 5,152,115 12,831,004 4,121,090 22,104,209 52.3

War is over…..now what? In January 1919, delegates from 27 nations gathered in Paris to create the Treaty of Versailles. Most decisions were led by the “Big Four”

Partner Discussion Put yourself in the shoes of “The Big Three” powers. Make a prediction  What does each country want at the end of WWI? Consider what their country is fearful of, their view towards other European countries and how they want the future of Europe to look.

The Big Four & their goals for the Treaty Woodrow Wilson (US) Freedom, independence, League of Nations Georges Clemenceau (France) Revenge, Security, Money David Lloyd George (Great Britain) Allow slow recovery, protection Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Land, weapons

The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

Where were Germany and Russia?

GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR The War Guilt Clause "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR 21

Treaty of Versailles: Military Changes With Germany’s armed forces: The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks. Germany was not allowed to have an air force The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarized. The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years.

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Political/Territorial Changes The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years Political/Territorial Changes Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies 24

Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria 25

9 new countries created…. 26

Political Changes: Creation of the League of Nations Worldwide organization aimed at ensuring security and peace for all its members. Based off of Wilson’s 14 points for peace (called for an end to alliances)

Economic changes: REPARATIONS Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at 132 billion marks (~$31.4 billion in 1920; ~$395 billion in 2015) 28

Make a prediction….. How do you think German citizens responded to the Treaty? Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many felt this would cripple the economy

WWI Project

What do YOU think? Why were Russia & Germany left out of the Paris Peace Conference? Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?