Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Patterns of Behavior Photo Credit: ©OSF/LILLIE, Peter/Animals Animals Enterprises Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Behavioral Cycles Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior. Several species of reptiles and mammals are active during warm seasons but enter into dormancy during cold seasons. Dormancy allows an animal to survive periods when food and other resources may not be available by reducing metabolic needs. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles One type of behavior that is influenced by changing seasons is migration, the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again. Animals that migrate include species of birds, sea turtles, butterflies, and whales. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Between December and June, green sea turtles migrate from feeding grounds along the coast of Brazil to mate and nest on Ascension Island. This migration allows the sea turtles to take advantage of favorable environmental conditions. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Behavioral Cycles Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns are called circadian rhythms. Sleeping at night and being awake during the day is an example of a circadian rhythm. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Courtship Courtship To pass along its genes to the next generation, any animal that reproduces sexually needs to mate with another member of its species at least once. Courtship behavior is part of an overall reproductive strategy that helps many animals identify healthy mates. In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli—such as sounds, visual displays, or chemicals—in order to attract a member of the opposite sex. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Courtship In some species, courtship involves a series of behaviors called rituals. A ritual is a series of behaviors that is performed the same way by all members of a population for the purpose of communicating. Most rituals consist of specific signals and individual responses that continue until mating occurs. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Social Behavior When animals interact with members of their own species, they are exhibiting social behavior. Many animals form societies, or groups of related animals of the same species that interact closely and cooperate. Membership in a society offers great survival advantages. Zebras and other grazers band together when grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Animal societies also use strength in numbers to: improve their ability to hunt. protect their territory. guard their young. fight with rivals. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Members of a society are often closely related to one another. Related individuals share a large proportion of each other's genes. Therefore, helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring. Thus, social behavior that helps a relative survive and reproduce improves an individual’s evolutionary fitness. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Social Behavior Primates form some of the most complex societies known. Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies hunt together, travel in search of new territory, and interact with neighboring societies. A great deal of what we know about primate societies comes from the work of Jane Goodall, who spent thousands of hours observing chimps in their natural environment. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Competition and Aggression Some animals have behaviors that prevent others from using limited resources. Often, such patterns involve a specific area, or territory, that is occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals. Territories contain resources that are necessary for an animal's survival and reproduction. By claiming a territory, an animal keeps others at a distance. If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the rival and drive it away. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Competition and Aggression When two or more animals try to claim limited resources, competition occurs. Many animals use rituals and displays when they compete. Animals may show aggression, a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Communication When animal behavior involves more than one individual, some form of communication is involved. Communication is the passing of information from one organism to another. Animals may use visual, sound, touch, or chemical signals to communicate with one another. The specific techniques that animals use depend on the types of stimuli their senses can detect. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Visual Signals Animals with good eyesight often use visual signals involving movement and color. Cuttlefish have large eyes and can undergo changes in the colors and patterns on its body. Its skin can become bumpy and full of spines, or smooth. Their visual displays function in defense, hunting, mating, warning, and perhaps other forms of communication not yet known. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Chemical Signals  Animals with well-developed senses of smell may communicate with chemicals. Some animals release pheromones to mark a territory or to signal their readiness to mate. Pheromones are chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Sound Signals   Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate with sound. Some animals that use sound have evolved elaborate communication systems. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Communication Language - the most complex form of communication Language is a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning, such as grammar and syntax. Only humans are known to use language. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Two examples of seasonal behavior are aggression and dormancy. migration and dormancy. migration and communication. migration and circadian rhythm. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Which of the following is NOT an advantage of living in an animal society? protection from predators. protection of young. improved ability to hunt. elimination of competition. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 An animal that communicates by changing color probably has good hearing. a complex courtship ritual. good eyesight. language. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 Many animals establish territories, which function as spaces where no other member of the species may enter. a defended area containing the resources necessary for survival. areas where members of all other animal species are kept out. areas where all members of a species may hunt for food. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34-2 A pheromone is a chemical substance made in the brain to trigger a specific behavior. made by one species to communicate with animals of another species. made by one animal and used to communicate with another animal of the same species. used only to initiate reproductive behavior in animals. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall