Livelihood & Economy Primary Sector: Issues & Trends

Irrigation Environmental Issues Salt Disease Chemicals Waterlogging Mitigation: proper chemical disposal

Environmental Issues Desertification Overfarming/grazing Water erodes soil Arid Regions, esp. in Africa

Desertification, cont. Mitigation: vegetative Cover, H20 management Reintroduce nutrients Ways to reduce Soil Erosion Terracing: less water erosion Fallowing: regeneration Crop Rotation: efficiency and vegetative cover

Environmental Issues Soil Degradation (More chemical than erosion) Decline in soil quality=improper use Issues Loss of organic matter; less productive Effects of toxic chemicals and pollutants Mitigation Reintroduce nutrients

Deforestation Environmental Issues CO2 Levels Hurts plants & animals Conservation/Mitigation Remove some, not all Replant/Reforestation

Environmental Issues Wetland Destruction Wetlands protect various species and can even store storm water, preventing floods Drained for agricultural or urban use Hurts wildlife Conservation/Mitigation Restoration via flooding

Environmental Issues Reduction in Biodiversity GMOs=a few crops; variety is lost Aquaculture Global demand; limited number Specialization Too much water used for irrigation Deforestation Wetland depletion Overgrazing Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc.

Environmental Issues River & Aquifer Depletion Too much used for agri.

Why do you think Certain areas deplete More groundwater Than others.

Environmental Issues Animal Wastes, Fertilizers, Pesticides Pollutes Contaminates

Why do you think That these regions are More at risk for pesticide Contamination?

Sustainability Sustainability Farming w/o negatively affecting humans or the environment Benefits Less fertilizers & pesticides Crop rotation Less antibiotics Manage animal waste Treat animals well

Debates Environmental Health Cultural

Debates GMOs Biotechnology

Organic Farming Debates Anti-Green Rev. No GMOs Expensive Limited Supply Possibly contaminated w/o antibiotics Manure, Animal illnesses

Aquaculture Breeding fish Fastest growing agri. industry Issues GMOs mating w/ non-GMOs (note that only some are GMO) Chemical and waste pollution Alien (non-native) species escaping Bigger fish eating smaller ones Mitigation Restocking farmed fish into the wild

What are some Environmental Dangers that you see In the picture?

Food-Choice Determines: Production Consumption

Food-Choice Organic Value-Added Specialty Crops/Food: Some are willing to spend more $ on natural foods Value-Added Specialty Crops/Food: Changing a food item to add value Strawberries Jam Wheat Flour Goat Milk Soap

Food-Choice Fair Trade Developing countries must meet certain criteria No child labor No GMOs Fair prices No hazardous chemicals Get fair wages and money for community development Consumers purchase makes a difference

Fair Trade Villages get developed, people are Treated better, less health and environmental Issues.

Food Choice Local-Food Movements Freshness Helps the local economy Know where the food comes from

Food-Processing Facilities Markets Best location for consumption? Economies of Scale Where can it be mass-produced? Transportation Does the area have a good transportation infrastructure? Government Policies FDA regulations

Eliminating adulterated (contaminated) foods Proper labeling Food Process., cont. Sanitation Storage Eliminating adulterated (contaminated) foods Proper labeling