1. Food and Soil Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 14 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Chapter 14

2. Key Concepts  Methods of producing food  Increasing food production  Soil degradation  Increasing sustainability

3. How Is Food Produced?  Sources of food  Primary plants: wheat, corn, and rice  Primary animals: fish, beef, pork, and chicken

4. Major Types of Agriculture  Industrialized agriculture  Traditional subsistence agriculture  Plantation  Traditional intensive agriculture

5. World Food Production Fig. 14-2 p. 275

6. Producing Food by Green- Revolution Techniques  High-input monoculture  Selectively bred or genetically-engineered crops  High inputs of fertilizer  Extensive use of pesticides  High inputs of water  Multiple cropping

7. Green Revolutions First green revolution (developed countries) First green revolution (developed countries) Second green revolution (developing countries) Second green revolution (developing countries) Major International agricultural research centers and seed banks Major International agricultural research centers and seed banks Fig. 14-4 p. 277

8. Producing Food by Traditional Techniques  Interplanting  Polyvarietal cultivation  Intercropping  Agroforestry (alley cropping)  Polyculture See Individuals Matter p. 279

9. Causes of Soil Erosion  Wind  Water  People  Wind  Water  People

10. Areas of serious concern Areas of some concern Stable or nonvegetative areas Global Soil Erosion Fig. 14-7 p. 280

11. Soil Erosion in the US  Dust Bowl – 1930s: Fig. 14-5 p. 281  Reductions in erosion since 1987  1985 Food Security Act  Dust Bowl – 1930s: Fig. 14-5 p. 281  Reductions in erosion since 1987  1985 Food Security Act

12. Causes of Desertification  Overgrazing  Deforestation  Erosion  Salinization  Soil Compaction  Natural Climate Change  Overgrazing  Deforestation  Erosion  Salinization  Soil Compaction  Natural Climate Change Refer to Fig. 14-10 p. 283

13. World Desertification Fig. 14-9 p. 282

14. Soil Degradation on Irrigated Land  Salinization  Waterlogging Evaporation Transpiration Evaporation Waterlogging Less permeable clay layer Fig. 14-11 p. 283

15. Reducing and Cleaning Up Salinization  Reduce irrigation  Switch to salt-tolerant crops  Flush soils  Not growing crops for 2-5 years  Install underground drainage  Reduce irrigation  Switch to salt-tolerant crops  Flush soils  Not growing crops for 2-5 years  Install underground drainage Refer to Fig. 14-12 p. 283

16. Solutions: Soil Conservation  Conventional-tillage  Conservation tillage  Terracing  Windbreaks  Land Classification Refer to Fig. 14-14 p. 285  Contour farming  Strip and alley cropping

17. Soil Restoration  Organic fertilizer  Commercial inorganic fertilizer  Animal manure  Green manure  Compost  Crop rotation

18. World Food Production  Now leveling off  Shortages in developing countries Fig. 14-16 p. 287

19. Nutrition  Undernutrition  Malnutrition  Overnutrition Refer to Fig. 14-17 p. 288

20. Environmental Effects of Food Production  Biodiversity loss  Soil degradation  Air pollution  Water shortages and erosion  Human health See Fig. 14-18 p. 290

21. Increasing World Crop Production  Crossbreeding and artificial selection  Genetic engineering (gene splicing)  Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)  Continued Green Revolution techniques  Introducing new foods  Working more land

22. Producing More Meat  Feedlots  Rangelands  Improved rangeland management  Efficiency  Environmental consequences ( Connections p. 295 ) Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight Beef cattle 7 7 Pigs 4 4 Chicken 2.2 Fish (catfish or carp) Fish (catfish or carp) 2 2 Fig. 14-22 p. 297

23. Catching and Raising More Fish  Fisheries  Fishing methods ( See Fig. 14-24 p. 299 )  Overfishing  Commercial extinction  Aquiculture  Fish farming and ranching

24. Government Agricultural Policy  Artificially low prices  Subsidies  Elimination of price controls  Food aid

25. Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture  Low-input agriculture  Organic farming  Profitable  Increasing funding for research in sustainable techniques See Fig. 14-29 p. 302