4. Chapter 6: Humans In The Biosphere

5. Chapter 6 Section 1: A Changing Landscape Human activities greatly affect the ____________. Examples include: ________________ is the practice of farming and originated about 11,000 years ago.  People were growing different crops for food and raising animals like sheep, goats, & pigs.

7. People no longer had to travel in search for food Stable _________________ and towns developed. Farming continued to develop and farmers began to create _________and machinery to use on the land. Example:

9. New varieties of crops were developed and grown by a process called ______________________  large fields are planted with a single variety every year. The introduction of chemical fertilizers & pesticides also helped production of these crops.

10. The Green Revolution A time when modern agriculture techniques were being introduced and the world’s food supply was greatly increased.

11. The Green Revolution Negative issues with the green revolution:  Increased ­­­_____________ and chemical use  Not enough water for irrigation

13. Section 2: Resources Environmental goods and services can be classified in 2 groups:  _____________________: Can regenerate if they are alive or can be replenished by natural cycles. Examples:  _____________________: Cannot be replenished or renewed. Examples:

15. Sustainable Development: A way of using ______________ _______________ without depleting them or causing long- term environmental damage.

16. Land Resources: Include land for human communities, soil for growing food, and raw materials for industry. Types of “destruction” include:  soil erosion  desertification.

17. Forest Resources: “Lungs of the ______________”. Forests remove __________ __________ and produce _____________. Types of “destruction”: Deforestation

23. Fishery Resources Humans have greatly decreased fish populations by______________ and polluting the water.

24. Methods have been developed to create a stable fish population:  Regulations for commercial fishing  Nurseries  Aquacultures  the process of raising aquatic animals for human consumption.

25. Air Resources Clean air resources are constantly polluted by human activities. Those activities include:_____________,_____ ___________, _____________ of fossil fuels

26. Smog = a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a gray-brown haze in the atmosphere. Commonly found in large _____________. A ____________________ is a harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air or water.

28. Chapter 6 Section 3 Biodiversity

29. Biodiversity = the sum total of _______________ in the biosphere based on variety. Ecosystem diversity = includes the variety of ________________, communities, and ecological processes.

30. Species diversity = the # of different ___________ in the biosphere. Biodiversity is one of Earth’s greatest ________________ resources. Different species provided us with food, industrial products, & _______________.

31. Threats to biodiversity include:  Habitat ________________.  Hunting  Introduction toxic _____________ into the environment. (pollution)  Foreign species

32. Extinction: occurs when a species __________________ form all or part of its range. Endangered species are species whose population size is _____________ in a way that places it in danger of ________________.

33. Habitat fragmentation: occurs when a development splits an ______________ into pieces.  Examples: Humans have pushed some animal species to extinction by hunting them for food or other products.  Examples:

34. Today, animal species that are endangered are protected by ________ and live in reserves to keep them from _________________.

35. CITES The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species This organization bans the international trade of _____________ that are made from ____________________ species.

36. Biological Magnification Occurs when concentrations of harmful substances_________________ in organisms at ____________ trophic levels in a food chain or food web.  Example:

37. Chapter 6 Section 4Planning for the Future Researchers are gathering information to _____________ and evaluate the effects of human activities on the important systems in the biosphere. Two of the systems include: The Ozone Layer & The ___________ __________ System.

38. The ozone layer is an area of earth’s atmosphere that contains a very large amount of ___________ gas. The ozone layer absorbs the harmful _______ rays from the sun. “Global Sunscreen”

40. Evidence has be found that the earth’s ozone layer is being destroyed by:  CFCs  Pollution  Other chemicals in the air

41. Global Warming is the increase in the average ______________ of the earth. One sign of global warming is the ________________ of polar ice caps.

42. Possible effects of global warming include:  A rise in __________ levels causing flooding.  Species ___________________.

43. If farmers wish to decrease the mouse population in a farm, what would be the best way to do this? A. Introduce another variety of mice to compete for resources. B. Introduce more animals that prey on mice. C. Decrease the number of producers on the farm. D. Introduce more parasites onto the farm.

44. Which of the following practices is MOST likely to slow the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere? A increased use of tropical rain forest areas for agriculture B increased use of genetically engineered plants C decreased pesticide use in favor of biological controls D decreased use of fossil fuels

45. The state of California has several large cities and very productive croplands that divert and use large amounts of water from rivers. What is one damaging effect of this use of the rivers’ water? A increased amounts of solid waste pollution in oceans B decreased amounts of fresh water in marshes and estuaries C changes in local rainfall amounts D changes in upstream water tables

46. The practice of farming. A harmful material that can enter the biosphere through land, air, or water. Resources that cannot be replenished by natural processes.

47. A practice in which large fields are planted with a single variety of crop. The loss of forests. The wise management of natural resources.

48. An exponential growth curve is J-shaped showing slow and then rapid growth. Population density is the number of individuals per unit area. Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations regardless of their size.

49. List 2 examples of Density-dependent factors: