Africa and the Atlantic World Chapter 26

The States of West Africa and East Africa Developed over 8th-16th centuries Kingdom of Ghana Not related to modern State of Ghana Major Gold Trader Mali Empire, 13th century Songhay Empire, 15th century Sunni Ali (r. 1464-1493) created effective army, navy Musket-bearing Moroccan army destroys Songhay forces, regional city-states exert local control

The Middle Passage (Africa-Americas) African slaves captured by raiding parties, force-marched to holding pens at coast Middle passage under horrific conditions 4-6 weeks Mortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually declined to 5% Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million Approximately 4 million killed before arrival (approx 20% from each ship)

Effects of Slave trade Africa lost generations of their fittest members Families torn apart Introduction of guns helped spread war and conflict throughout Africa Slaves contributed greatly to the economic and cultural development of the Americas: Haiti and Barbados could not have survived w/o their labor Increase of African-American populations (America and Brazil)

Many new items introduced that traveled on triangle of trade. Introduction of firearms increases violence of pre-existing conflicts More weapons, more slaves; more slaves, more weapons Sugar: major cash crop Creole languages

End of the Slave Trade Denmark abolishes slave trade in 1803, followed by Great Britain (1807), United States (1808), France (1814), Netherlands (1817), Spain (1845) Possession of slaves remains legal Clandestine trade continues to 1867 Emancipation of slaves begins with British colonies (1883), then French (1848), U.S. (1865), Brazil (1888) Saudi Arabia and Angola continue to the 1960s

Tradition and Change in East Asia Chapter 27

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Ming government (1368-1644) drove the Mongols out of China Centralized government control; faced new invasions from the Mongols Rebuilt and repaired the Great Wall to prevent northern invasions Restored Chinese cultural traditions and civil service examinations Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) experiments with sea expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks

Ming Collapse Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century; Rebels take Beijing in 1644 Manchu (from Manchuria) fighters enter from the north and retake city; Manchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynasty Originally pastoral nomads, organized powerful military force Captured Korea and Mongolia first, then China Remained an ethnic elite; forbade intermarriage with Chinese Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall Chieftan Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China War with Ming loyalists to 1680 Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty

The “Son of Heaven” Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi-divine Hundreds of concubines, thousands of servants Clothing designs, name characters forbidden to rest of population

Economic and Social Changes Changes in China partly because of a result of influences abroad: Agricultural production increased (new foods from the Americas), global trade brought wealth to China The Patriarchal Family: Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor; Eldest son favored

Neo-Confucianism It was a movement that synthesized Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism; developed during the Song Dynasty, it became the dominant philosophy during the Ming Dynasty While loyalty to the government was an important feature, family structure was the foundation for all other relationships in one’s life; there were restrictions on merchant class, it existed not only in China but in Korea and Japan, placed great value in education

Confucianism and Christianity Jesuit missionaries tried to convert the Chinese, but it didn’t work But, the Jesuits made China known to Europe (impact of paper)