Chapter 17: Enlightenment and Revolution Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment

Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment The Age of Reason Scientific Revolution and Age of Exploration Facilitated challenges to established beliefs in science, religion, and government Reason and Logic Option to explain natural world Achieve three goals: knowledge, happiness, and freedom The Enlightenment – Human reason could be used to achieve knowledge, freedom, and happiness; achieving these goals could greatly improve society.

Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment’s Roots (4 elements) Greek and Roman ideas Logic could discover new truths; natural law governed how the world operated Christianity Faith and reason together could explain the world Scientific Revolution Scientific laws, not religion, governed the natural world Renaissance and Reformation Humanists emphasized human achievement and said that people could improve their world

Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment The Ideas of the Enlightenment (page 476) The ability to reason is what makes humans unique Reason can be used to solve problems and improve lives Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition, and unfair government The natural world is governed by laws that can be discovered though reason Like the natural world, human behavior is governed by natural laws Government should reflect natural laws and encourage education and debate

Section 1: Ideas of the Enlightenment New Ideas French Philosophers – The Philosophes Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet) Used intelligence, wit, and sense of justice to mock the government, religious intolerance, and superstition Fought against censorship – removal of information deemed to be harmful “I (may) disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” – Voltaire Denis Diderot The Encyclopedia British Writers Mary Wollstonecraft Adam Smith

Chapter 17: Enlightenment and Revolution Section 2: New Views on Government

Section 2: New Views on Government Enlightenment Influence on Monarchies The Divine Right of Kings France: Taxes and Power Louis XIV, Nobles and the clergy Commoners, peasants and the poor Enlightened Despots Despot - a ruler or other person who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it in a cruel or oppressive way. Frederick II of Prussia approved reforms to education Empress Catherine the Great of Russia attempted a constitution Enlightened Thinkers wanted more

Section 2: New Views on Government Democratic Ideas John Locke Two Treaties on Government called government a contract between the ruler and the people Government’s power should be limited and protect the natural rights of the people All people have certain natural rights: life, liberty, and property

Section 2: New Views on Government Charles-Louis Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau French Noble published The Spirit of the Laws Believed that the government should be divided into separate branches Separation of powers would limit the power each branch held No branch can control the government French thinker who criticized divine right Popular Sovereignty – the ideas that governments should express the will of the people A citizens enter a social contract so that the government will protect their best interests Government makes and enforces laws to serve the people of the nation

Section 2: New Views on Government The Enlightenment in America British Colonists in America The Seven Years’ War Wars cost money > colonists should pay Colonists’ View Benjamin Franklin Taxation without Representation Thomas Jefferson England had no rights in the colonies Push for independence in the New World Help! Help! I'm Being Repressed!!

Chapter 17: Enlightenment and Revolution Section 3: The Age of Revolution

Section 3: The Age of Revolution Revolution and Reform in England Trouble with Parliament Masses vs. monarchies Parliament vs. King Charles I English Civil War > Cromwell becomes dictator Resolution of Royalty – James II vs. Charles II

Section 3: The Age of Revolution New Rights for the English People The English Bill of Rights – a document that listed rights for Parliament and the English people Drew on the Magna Carta as influence Limited the powers of rulers and recognized the rights of the people Parliament could pass laws and raise taxes Concept of Divine Right of Kings ends

Section 3: The Age of Revolution Democracy in America A New Country Colonists were not included in these new rights, although they believed that they were still Britons Disliked that they were taxed and governed by British Both Parliament and King too far away to understand America

Section 3: The Age of Revolution A New Country Colonial leaders and the First Continental Congress Colonial Split > Patriots and Loyalists Militias and Red Coats Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress Declaration of Independence Magna Carta Enlightenment Ideas The English Bill of Rights

Section 3: The Age of Revolution A New Government Articles of Confederation Original governing document of the United States Called for a weak central government The Constitution Separation of Powers Executive – President to enforce laws Legislative – Congress to create laws Judicial – Supreme Courts to interpret laws

Section 3: The Age of Revolution The French Revolution An Unfair Society French divided into three groups First Estate – Clergy Second Estate – Nobles Third Estate – Peasants, craftworkers, and shopkeepers The Third Estate were Extremely poor and hungry King Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette held expensive and FANCY parties Third Estate > National Assembly demanded a Constitution Storming of the Bastille > The French Revolution

Section 3: The Age of Revolution The French Revolution Revolution and Change The Great Fear > peasants raided, burned, and even killed French nobility National Assembly drafted a constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Established a republic and ended the Monarchy with the execution of King Louis The Reign of Terror Guillotine