The Digestive System

Six Steps Ingestion Mechanical processing Digestion 4. Secretion 5. Absorption 6. Excretion

Dental Caries Periodontal Disease Tooth decay by bacteria that produce acid and demineralize the enamel and dentin (form plaque on teeth) Inflammation and degeneration of gingivae (gums), alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum

Mumps Myxovirus infects parotid gland- inflammation Fever, extreme pain in throat Swelling on one or both sides of face Testes can also become inflamed Immunization available

Achalasia Heartburn Lower sphincter fails to relax Food passage impeded and food lodged in esophagus Lower sphincter fails to close Hydrochloric acid bubbles up esophagus Antacids help neutralize HCL

Pyloric Stenosis Hiatal Hernia Bulging of stomach through esophageal hiatus Narrowing of pyloric sphincter by enlarged muscle fibers Hallmark symptom- projectile vomit Surgery needed

Peptic Ulcer Disease Stimulated by Heliobacter pylori, stress, smoking, alcohol, coffee, aspirin, medications 5-10% of population Normal balance between destructive and protective forces upset

Lactose Intolerance Mucosal cells of small intestine do not produce lactase Bacterial fermentation occurs and produces gas, bloating, diarrhea, and cramps Medications available

Diverticulitis Diverticula- saclike outpouchings of wall of colon where muscularis weak Become inflamed Prevented by high fiber diet

Living-Donor Transplant First performed in 1989- 21 month old received part of Mother’s liver Liver regenerates well Also been done for pancreas, kidney and bone marrow

Jaundice Yellowish color of sclera, skin, and mucous membranes due to build up of bilirubin Three catagories Excessive production of bilirubin Dysfunction of liver cells Blockage of bile drainage

Gall Stones Formed as a result of precipitation of cholesterol and bile salts in gall bladder Diagnosed by ultrasound Often no symptoms If obstructing the gall bladder, severe pain in upper right side of abdomen Can be removed by surgical procedures