1. Digestive System:
Outcome: I can describe different clinical diseases that relate to the digestive system.
Drill:
What are the three segments of the small intestine (in order from superior to inferior)?

2. Teeth Dental diseases Gingivitis Inflammation of the gingivae
Stimulation from brushing and massaging gums can strengthen those epithelial attachments
Severe cases usually caused by bacterial infection
Can progress to erosion of gums, root damage, and tooth loss
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3. Teeth Dental diseases (continued) Tooth decay
Generally results from action of bacteria (normally found in the mouth)
Bacteria adhere to tooth surfaces and trap food particles
Produce deposits called dental plaque
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4. Periodontal disease Figure 22.23 Periodontal disease
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Figure 22.23

5. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Salivary glands
Mumps
Infection of the salivary glands caused by the mumps virus
Most often affects the parotid salivary gland
Can also affect other organs such as the gonads and the meninges
Typically occurs at 5–9 years of age
Effective vaccine available, usually as part of MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine
Given to infants after age 15 months
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6. Mumps in parotid gland Figure 22.23 Mumps in parotid gland
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Figure 22.23

7. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux
Backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
Results in symptoms commonly called heartburn
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8. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Liver
Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)
Can be caused by alcohol abuse, drugs, or infection
Cirrhosis
Hepatitis characterized by degeneration of liver cells and replacement with scar tissue
Viral hepatitis A, B, and C
Virus destroys liver cells
Causes inflamed, tender liver and high fever
Jaundice
Buildup of bilirubin causes yellowing of skin and eyes
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9. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Liver
Hepatitis A: spread through primarily through food or water contaminated by feces from an infected person. Rarely, it spreads through contact with infected blood. Easily treated.
Hepatitis B: spread through contact with infected blood, through sex with an infected person, and from mother to child during childbirth.
Hepatitis C: spread primarily through contact with infected blood (needles and blood transfusions). Less commonly, it can spread through sexual contact and childbirth.
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10. Falciform ligament Cirrhosis of the liver Figure 22.23
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Figure 22.23

11. Gallstones
Gallstones
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Figure 22.23

12. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Gallbladder (continued)
Cholecystitis (chole, bile + kystis, bladder + itis, inflammation)
Irritation and damage to the gallbladder wall caused by gallstones too large to pass
Gallstones may block cystic duct or common bile duct
Potential treatment involves surgical removal of the gallbladder
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13. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Stomach
Gastritis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach
From ingesting drugs (e.g., aspirin, alcohol), severe stress, bacterial infection, ingestion of strong chemicals
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14. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Stomach (continued)
Peptic ulcer
Forms when gastric enzymes and acids erode through the stomach or duodenal lining
Gastric ulcer is a peptic ulcer in the stomach wall
Duodenal ulcer is a peptic ulcer in the duodenum wall
Bacterial infection by Helicobacter pylori responsible for over 80 percent of peptic ulcers
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15. Gastric ulcer Figure 22.23 Gastric ulcer
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Figure 22.23

16. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Pancreas
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
Can be due to duct blockage, viral infection, or toxic drugs (including alcohol)
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17. Acute pancreatitis Figure 22.23 Acute pancreatitis
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Figure 22.23

18. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Small intestine
Enteritis/Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the intestine (usually referring to the small intestine)
Causes watery bowel movements (diarrhea)
One cause is infection by Giardia lamblia
Dysentery
Inflammation of small and large intestine producing diarrhea containing blood and mucus
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19. Giardia lamblia Figure 22.23 Enteritis causes
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Figure 22.23

20. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Large intestine
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Often with diarrhea or constipation
Diarrhea from too much fluid or from compromised absorption capabilities
Constipation
Infrequent bowel movement, usually with dry, hard feces
Results from excess water reabsorption due to slow-moving feces
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21. CLINICAL MODULE: Disorders of the Digestive System
Large intestine (continued)
Colorectal cancer
Aside from skin cancers, third most common cancer in the U.S.
Most common in those over age 50
Risk factors include diet rich in animal fat and low in fiber
Inherited disorders may also promote the formation of epithelial tumors
Begin as small, localized tumors (polyps)
Greatly improved prognosis if polyps are removed before metastasis
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22. Colon polyp seen on colonoscopy Figure 22.23 Colon polyps
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Figure 22.23

23. -Complete Digestive System Disorders Research
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24. What is the main differences among Hepatitis A, B, and C?
Digestive System:
Exit Ticket:
What is the main differences among Hepatitis A, B, and C?