1. The Digestive System

2. Functions of the Digestive System 1. Extracts nutrients through chemical & mechanical digestion 2. Absorbs nutrients from food 3. Removes undigested wastes 4. Maintains water and chemical balances

3. Path of Food Through the Digestive System Mouth Mouth (includes salivary gland, teeth and tongue) Esophagus Esophagus (tube connecting mouth to stomach) Stomach Stomach (contains hydrochloric acid) Small Intestine Small Intestine (longest structure – absorbs nutrients) Large intestine (colon) Large intestine (colon) (water absorption) Rectum Rectum (storage of non-digested waste) Anus Anus (removal of non-digested waste)

4. Accessory Organs (Help with digestion, but food does not pass through them) Pancreas produces digestive enzymes Pancreas – produces digestive enzymes which break down carbohydrates, proteins and fat Liver produces bile Liver – produces bile which helps break down fat Gall Bladder bile is stored Gall Bladder – bile is stored in this organ Spleen transform nutrients Spleen – helps transport and transform nutrients Appendix aid in digestion Appendix – contains massive amounts of bacteria which aid in digestion Salivary Glands – produces saliva Salivary Glands – produces saliva which breaks down starch into sugars

5. Digestive Enzymes (don’t need to memorize..just informative) Saliva Amylase starch Amylase – breaks down starchStomach Pepsin proteins Pepsin – breaks down proteinsPancreasAmylase Trypsin proteins Trypsin – breaks down proteins into peptides Lipase fats Lipase – breaks down fats (lipids) Nuclease nucleic acids Nuclease – breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides Small Intestine Maltase maltose Maltase – breaks down maltose into glucose Sucrase sucrose Sucrase – breaks down sucrose into glucose Peptidase peptides Peptidase – breaks down peptides into amino acids Nuclease nucleotides Nuclease – breaks down nucleotides into sugar and nitrogen bases

6. Role of Villi Role of Villi line the small intestine. The villi line the small intestine. microscopic, finger-like projections. They are microscopic, finger-like projections. increase the surface area They increase the surface area of the small intestine more absorption of nutrients allowing for more absorption of nutrients. Sugars and amino acids enter capillaries and fatty acids enter the lymphatic vessels inside the villi.

7. What is peristalsis? The wave-like contractions of smooth muscle in the digestive tract which propels food through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum.

8. Diseases of the Digestive System Appendicitis Appendicitis - A blockage inside of the appendix causes appendicitis. The blockage leads to increased pressure, problems with blood flow and inflammation. If the blockage is not treated, the appendix can break open and leak infection into the body.

9. Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis. Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis - diverticula are small pouches that bulge outward through the colon, or Large intestine. If you have these pouches, you have diverticulosis. It the pouches become infected or inflame you have diverticulitis. The maincause is a diet low in fiber.

10. Peptic Ulcer Peptic Ulcer - a peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of your stomach or your duodenum, the first part of our small intestine. A burning stomach pain is the most common symptom.