1. Digestive and Urinary Systems
Chapter 17
Digestive and Urinary Systems

2. Health Standards
Describe the role of government agencies in regulating advertising claims related to health.
Describe the effectiveness, accessibility, and inclusiveness of a health program in supporting individual and public health.
Develop strategies to improve or maintain personal, family, and community health.
Analyze the influences of family, peers, and community have on the health and health behavior of individuals.

3. Functions of the Digestive System
Digestion includes both mechanical and chemical processes.
The mechanical portion involves chewing, mashing, and breaking food into smaller pieces.
The chemical process involves digestive juices that change food into simpler substances.
Digestion- the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods for use by the body’s cells.
Absorption- the passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular system.
Elimination- the expulsion of undigested food or body wastes.
The Nervous and cardiovascular systems also play a major role in the digestion process.
The nervous system triggers the digestive process
Nutrients are carried through the body by the cardiovascular system.

4. Structures of the Digestive System
The digestive process begins in the mouth which consists of the:
teeth – break down the food into smaller pieces. This process is called Mastication.
The salivary glands – produce the first digestive juices in the digestive process.
The tongue – forms chewed food into a size and shape that can be swallowed.

5. Structures Continued:
The Esophagus:
A Muscular tube about 10 inches long, that connects the pharynx and the stomach.
Food moves through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
Peristalsis: a series of involuntary muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.)
The Stomach:
A hollow saclike organ enclosed in a muscular wall.
The stomach contains many gastric juices (secretions from the stomach lining that contain hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that digest protein.)
Holds food for further digestion. As food is digested in the stomach, it is converted into chyme (a creamy fluid mixture of food and gastric juices.)
The Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder
The pancreas creates enzyme that break down the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food.
The liver produces another digestive juice called bile (yellow-green bitter fluid important in the breakdown and absorption of fats.)
Between meals the bile is stored in the gallbladder.

6. Structures Part C The Small Intestine: The Large Intestine:
It is 20 to 23 feet in length and 1 inch in diameter.
Consists of three parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
Contains millions of fingerlike projections called villi.
The Large Intestine:
It is 2.5 inches in diameter and 5 to 6 feet in length.
Absorbs water, vitamins, and salts.
Eliminates wastes.

7. Health Behaviors and the Digestive System
Taking care of your digestive system begins with the choices you make about the food that you eat. The following health behaviors will keep your digestive system healthy:
Follow a well balanced diet that includes a variety of foods.
Wash your hands before preparing a meal and before eating.
Eat slowly and chew food thoroughly.
Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day.
Avoid using food as a way of dealing with your emotions.

8. Functional Problems of the Digestive System
The following are problems of the digestive system:
Indigestion
Heartburn
Gas
Constipation
Nausea
diarrhea

9. Structural Problems of the Digestive System
Problems Include:
Gallstones
Appendicitis
Gastritis
Lactose Intolerance
Peptic Ulcer
Cirrhosis
Crohn’s Disease
Colon Cancer
Colitis
Hemorrhoids
Tooth Decay

10. Functions of the Urinary System
Ureters- tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder.
Urine Liquid waste material.
Urethra- the tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Bladder- hollow muscular organ that acts like a reservoir for urine.
Nephrons- The functional units of the kidneys.

11. Health Behaviors and the Urinary System
Here are several factors that can help your urine system:
Drink at least eight 8-ounces of aqua each day
Eat a well balanced diet
Practice good hygiene
Have regular medical checkups
Avoid caffeine

12. Problems of the Urinary System
Kidney Problems
Nephritis
Kidney Stone
Uremia
Cystitis- an inflammation of the bladder.
Urethritis- the inflammation of the urethra.
Hemodialysis- a technique in which an artificial kidney machine removes waste products from the blood.
Kidney Failure
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Kidney transplant